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BIO 201 Grade A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many elements are essential to life | 25 |
| Which 4 elements make up 96% of living matter | Oxygen, hyrdrogen, nitrogen, carbon |
| What trace element is required by humans and other vertebrates? | Iodine |
| Properties of water that make it key to life as we know it | cohesion due to hydrogen bonds/surface tension,water less dense in solid form (ice) than liquid, due to changes in bonding angle of hydrogen bonds between water, water a good buffer bc of sep of h20 into h+ and oh+, water forms hydrogen bonds w electroneg |
| strong chemical bond due to sharing of electrons | covalent bond |
| bonds between hyrdrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule | covalent bond |
| Na + Cl = NaCl What type of bond is this? | Ionic bond |
| bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule | hydrogen bonds |
| weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are easily broken and reformed | hydrogen bonds |
| bonds between water molecules | hydrogen bonds |
| electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another | ionic bonds |
| Nitrogen is much more electronegative than hydrogen . Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the atoms in ammonia? (NH3) | Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge |
| When two atoms are equally electronegative, it is most likely that they will react to form | non-polar covalent bonds |
| Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another? | hydrogen bond |
| The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when | Sodium gains an electron from chloride |
| Most enyzmes or bioactive molecules work effectively within a broad range of pH? True of false | False |
| A variety of finch species within the Hawaiian islands have acquired different types of beaks needed for utilizing specific food resources. The process by which these different species of finches came about is likely to have involved | both natural selection and evolution |
| A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior. Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone? | A compound with the same 3-D shape as the functional part of the hormone. |
| At what temperature is water most dense | 4 degrees C |
| Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the | absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form |
| Which of the following molecules is nonpolar? C3H7OH C2H5COOH C5H10O5 R-NH2 C2H6 | C2H6 |
| Which macromolecule has the highest diversity of functions? | proteins |
| When a food label reads polyunsaturated fats, this refers to fatty acids composed of multiple double bonded carbons true or false | true |
| Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely | positively charged |
| The cell wall is a common feature to | prokaryotic and plant cells |
| What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? | Dehydration reactions |
| Why are hyrdrocarbons generally insoluble in water? | The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages |
| Hydroxyl group found in | alcohols, sugars |
| carboxyl group found in | amino acids, fatty acids |
| amino group found in | amino acids, proteins |
| sulfhydryl group found in | amino acid cysteine, proteins |
| phosphate group found in | ATP nucleic acids |
| The gonads produce steroids. Which organelle would likely be present in this tissue? | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| Cyanide binds and impairs one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Which organelle does cyanide act upon? | mitochondria |
| The Endosymbiosis Theory best describes the origins of peroxisomes in eukaryotes True or False | False |
| Which of the following is a function of the ribosome? | Translation of proteins , protein synthesis |
| How many molecules of water are needed to completely hyrdrolyze a polymer that is 14 monomers long? | 13 |
| Why are steroid hormones like testosterone and estradiol considered to be lipids? | They are derived from the lipid cholesterol |
| What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? | Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. |
| monounsaturated fats are _______ at room temperature | liquid |
| If a DNA sample is composed of 20% thymine nucleotides, what would be the percentage of guanine nucleotides? | 30% |
| DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase? | The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken |
| Which of the following is NOT true of prokaryotes? | They possess membrane bound organelles. |
| The following IS true of prokaryotes .... | They have a simpler structure relative to eukaryotes, they are relatively small compared with eukaryotes,they lack a membrane-bound nucleus, DNA is located within the cytosol |
| The Golgi apparatus has a polarity of sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following correctly describes this sidedness? | All of these...transport vesicles fuse with the cis side of the golgi and leave from the trans side, lipids proteins and soluble proteins in the membrane of the golgi may be sorted and modified as move from 1 side golgi to other |
| Which of following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? | The need for a surface area sufficient for diffusion and transport of molecules across the plasma membrane |
| Cells of the liver will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This tagging of newly synthesizedp proteins enables a researcher to track their location. we r tracking enzyme secreted by liver cells. what is most likely pathway | ER Golgi apparatus then vesicles that fuse w plamsa membrane |
| In the biochemical regulation of metabolic pathways, how would one overcome the effects of a competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity? | Increase the amount of substrate for the enzyme. |
| For the generalized equation Ae- +B → A + Be-, where e represents an electron. Which of the following statements is TRUE? | Both molecule A is oxidized and molecule B is reduced. |
| Which of the following is TRUE for a reaction that has a ΔG < 0? | The reaction will yield energy and is spontaneous. |
| Which of the following is true for ALL exergonic reactions? | The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. |
| If one were to double the amount of enzyme in a reaction with an initial ΔG of -5 kcal/mole, what would the ΔG be? | -5 kcal/mole |
| Which of the following is TRUE of the citric acid cycle? | It yields ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy intermediates. |
| citric acid cycle | mitochondria matrix |
| oxidative phophorylation | mitochondria inner membrane |
| glycolysis | cytosol |
| electron transport chain and ATP synthase | mitochondria membrane |
| Which would be TRUE if a metabolic poison were to completely inhibit the function of mitochondrial ATP synthase? | The pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane would increase. |
| Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? | mitochondrial intermembrane space |
| Which of the following has the highest photosynthetic efficiency in hot and dry environments? | C4 plants |
| CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants such as cacti differ from standard C4 plants such as corn in which of the following way? | CAM plants are limited to producing CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, while C4 plants produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle both during the day and at night. |
| It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of the double-helix model of DNA that the DNA molecule could carry hereditary information in which of the following? | sequence of nucleotide bases |
| Cell surface molecules are labeled with a fluorescent tag and then a portion of them are bleached with a laser beam. What would one observe after the cell is incubated for a few minutes? | The bleached molecules would diffuse laterally through the membrane and intermix with unbleached molecules. |
| According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a TRUE statement about membrane phospholipids? | they can move laterally along the plane of the membrane |
| Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? | gap junctions |
| When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. The best explanation for this is that | the hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point |
| What kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? | small and hydrophobic |
| Which of the following is always a characteristic of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? | It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule |
| Which of the following would move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? | CO2 |
| Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? | chloroplast |
| You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell? | lipid composition of the target cells’ plasma membrane lipid composition of the target cells’ plasma membrane similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells |
| What is the voltage across a membrane called? | membrane potential |
| Which of the following individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense? | an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce |
| Caffeine is an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed caffeinated coffee would have increased levels of | cAMP |
| A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following? | a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes |
| epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → protein kinase A → protein kinase B. Identify the second messenger in this pathway. | cAMP |
| epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → phospholipase C → IP3→ protein kinase A → protein kinase B. | epinephrine |
| Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of combining smaller molecules into larger molecules? | anabolic |
| Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? | it provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions |
| 2 drugs A and B r designed to help reduce pain. A acts by binding a membrane receptor in the pain signaling pathway. Drug B acts by binding an intracellular receptor in the pain signaling pathway. Which drug will reduce pain more rapidly? | Drug A |
| W puberty female body changes in body structure function organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one signaling molecule, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects? | the signaling molecule binds to specific receptors on/inside several kinds of cells, many of which have different cellular responses to its binding |
| From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are | signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response |
| The high energy bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are which type of bonds? | covalent bonds |
| The process of cellular respiration is an example of | catabolism |
| Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be | to test for the liberation of O2 in the light |
| Taxol is anticancer drug from Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, taxol stops microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from protein precursor, tubulin. This stops mitosis. Taxol must affect which of the following? | the fibers of the mitotic spindle |
| What is meant by the description “antiparallel” regarding the strands that make up DNA? | the 5’ to 3’ direction of one strand runs counter to the 5’ to 3’ direction of the other strand |
| Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides in the 5´ to 3´ direction? | DNA polymerase III |
| At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3´- C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C - 5´ | 5´- A C G U U A G G - 3´ |
| Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with | two nuclei |
| A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at the completion of teleophase, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| The figure above shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum (rate of photosynthesis) for photosynthesis. Why are they different? | other pigments absorb light photos in addition to chlorophyll a |
| Based on the figure above, which of the following wavelengths of light is most effective in driving photosynthesis? | 430 nm |
| The processes of transcription and translation are collectively known as | gene expression |
| Which of the following are products of nonstructural genes, and are therefore never translated into proteins? | transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA |
| If a DNA template strand has a sequence of 3′ TACAATGTAGCC 5′, then the RNA produced from it will be which sequence? | 5′AUGUUACAUCGG3' |
| Intervening sequences that are transcribed, but not translated into protein are called | introns |
| Mating a purebred Labrador retriever to a purebred poodle to produce "Labradoodles" is an example of | hybridization |
| Polydactylism dominant trait results extra fingers toes in humans. Polydactyl man marries woman w 10 fingers toes. They have child that has normal # digits. Phenotype man's father is unknown, but mother has normal phenotype. What r genotypes of couple? | woman dd, man Dd |
| A cross between two pea plants produces a population of 732 purple and 268 white plants. What is the genotype and phenotype of the parents that produced this population? | both parents heterozygous purple |
| In humans, having dimples in the cheeks is a dominant trait. If a child has dimples but only one of her parents does, what are the genotypes of her parents? | one parent must be dd, the other parent could be either Dd or DD |
| Male is heterozygous 4 trait produces freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles, ______ percent of their children will be freckled and __________ percent of their children will be heterozygous. | 75% freckled, 50% heterozygous |
| The single-factor crosses performed by Mendel support the observation that | the two alleles for a given gene are distributed randomly among an individual's gametes. |
| An organism that is heterozygous for two traits can produce a maximum of _______ different gametes for these traits. | 4 |
| Which of the following INCORRECTLY states a principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance? | Gametes contain either a maternal or paternal set of chromosomes |
| Which of the following CORRECTLY states a principle of the chromosome theory of inheritance | The paternal and maternal chromosomes assort randomly during meiosis,Genes are transmitted from parent to offspring via chromosomes,Gametes are haploid and somatic cells are diploid,Somatic cells contain a maternal and paternal set of chromosomes |
| What features of meiosis allow for independent assortment of chromosomes | random alignment of homologous sister chromatids on the metaphase plate |
| The probability of obtaining a dominant phenotype from self-fertilization of a heterozygous individual is | 3/4 |
| The probability of a couple having either a boy or a girl is ½. However, many families have more boys than girls and VICE VERSA. Why is the observed ratio of boys to girls in typical families different than the predicted ratio? | Two of the answers are correct. There is a large random sampling error due to the small size of human families and the sex of each child is determined independently. |
| A nearsighted woman (Nn) with hazel eyes (Hh) marries a man with normal vision and hazel eyes (Hh). Their three children all have blue eyes and normal vision. What is the probability that their next child will have blue eyes and be nearsighted? | 3/8 |
| In Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments, males had white eyes but females did not. What cross could you perform with his flies to obtain white-eyed females? | crossing either the F1 or F2 females with a white-eyed male will produce some white-eyed females |
| In Thomas Hunt Morgan's exp, ratio of red-eyed flies 2 white-eyed flies appeared 2 follow a simple Mendelian pattern of inheritance. What observation(s) did M make that led 2 conclusion that the white-eyed trait was actually not a simple Mendelian trait? | He was able to correlate the expression of white eyes to the inheritance of an X chromosome because only F2 males had white eyes and the trait is recessive. |
| Which of these statements INCORRECTLY describes an example of pleiotropy? | A mutation in one allele for phenylalanine hydroxylase results in lower levels of this enzyme in the blood, which causes high blood levels of phenylalanine |
| When a single-gene mutation can have phenotypic effects at multiple stages of development, it is | pleiotropic |
| If a pink snapdragon is self-fertilized, the offspring are red, pink, or white. What type of inheritance pattern does flower color exhibit in this example? | incomplete dominance |
| The color of petunia flower can be changed from red to blue by altering the pH of the soil. This is an example of | norm of reaction |
| _________ occurs when 50% of a protein produces a different phenotype than that produced by 100% or 0% of the protein. | incomplete dominance |
| A couple has five sons. What is the probability that their next child will be a girl? | 50% |
| The law of independent assortment states that the two alleles of the same gene will segregate from each other during gamete formation. | False |
| The sex of all animals is determined by chromosomes. | False |
| What is a genome? | the complete complement of an organism’s genes |
| Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all the following ways EXCEPT | Asexual reproduction only occurs in fungi and bacteria, whereas all vertebrates (fish, amphibian, reptile, birds and mammals) reproduce sexually |
| Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring unless which of the following occurs? | mutation |
| How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species? | by the independent assortment of chromosomes |
| Which of the following molecules would pass through a cell’s plasma membrane without requiring a channel or transport protein? | CO2 |
| In a eukaryotic cell, new polypeptides are processed in which cellular organelle? | Golgi apparatus |
| Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because | males only have one copy of the X-chromosome |
| A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kind of human cell? | somatic cells of the female only |
| The following is a map of four genes (A, W, E and G) on a chromosome. The numbers indicate distance (nm) between each gene | A and G |
| How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases does each cell make? | approx 20 |
| The term N-terminus refers to the presence of a(n) ________ at the 5′ end of a polypeptide | amino group |
| # order most CORRECT 4 initiation,elongation steps 4 translation?(1) initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA(2) sml ribosom subunit binds 2 mRNA(3) lrg ribosom subunit binds(4) tRNA entry and peptidyl transf rxn (5) translocation of riboome,release tRNA | 2 1 3 4 5 |
| Which of the following would occur if a cell's splicesomes were mutated so they no longer functioned normally? | Introns would remain in the mature mRNA |
| ________ enables a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides that are different in their amino acid sequence. | Alternative splicing |
| A mutation in which of the following parts of a gene is likely to be most damaging to a cell’s function? | exon |
| Which of the following help(s) to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation? | 5´ cap and poly (A) tail |
| Chromosomes are replicated during the ______ phase | S |
| Consider a cell in which all of the homologous chromosomes experience nondisjunction during meiosis I. What would be the result of this event? | two polyploid gametes |
| Gene S contrls sharpness spines n type cactus.Cact w dom allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ssgenotype cactuses have dull spines.Same time, 2nd gene, N, determ wheth cactus have spine at all.Homozygous recess nn cactuses -no spines | epistatic interactions |
| Gene S controls sharpness o spines ntype of cactus. Cactuses w dom allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recess same time, a second gene, N, determines whether cactuses have spine at all. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines. | all sharp-spined progeny |
| What are polyribosomes? | groups of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously |
| Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in | prophase I |
Created by:
mweaver1971