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earth science100 fin
final exam practice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The continental rise is located | between an abyssal plain and continental slope |
| A sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean is a | none of these |
| ________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle | Deep ocean trenches |
| Fetch refers to | a large expanse of open water over which the wind blows and generates waves |
| The crests of mid-oceanic ridges | contain active rift zones |
| An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a | sea stack |
| Seamounts | are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor |
| When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore. This process is termed | refraction |
| Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion | all of these |
| Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false | sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds |
| A flat, bench-like surface cut in rock along a coast is a | wave-cut platform |
| A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a | spit |
| Which ocean has the greatest average depth | Pacific |
| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ____ of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere | right |
| How do calcareous oozes form | the particles are precipitated in warm, surface waters and sink to the bottom |
| Large estuaries are more common on a ____ coastline | submergent |
| A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a | tombolo |
| An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a | sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back |
| Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true | the Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere |
| Which one of the following would most likely be covered with thick turbidite layers | deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope |
| Which one of the following structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves | breakwater |
| The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is | both caused by obliquely breaking waves and called beach drift |
| The energy that drives surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream comes from | prevailing winds |
| The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the | continental shelf |
| Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater | sodium chloride |
| The daily tidal range is GREATEST during _____ tide | spring |
| The BEST definition of the outer edge of the continental shelf is that point where | a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs |
| Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is | equal to one-half the wavelength |
| Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are | all of these |
| The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed | longshore current |
| Which one of the following is NOT part of the continental margin | continental trench |
| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ___ of their path of motion in the Southern Hemisphere | left |
| Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are called | terrigenous sediment |
| One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated | on headlands projecting into the water |
| Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges | all of these |
| Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of | hydrogenous sediment |
| Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and are believed to have been created | none of these |
| Manganese nodules are an example of | hydrogenous sediment |
| The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been uplifted or that sea level had fallen | elevated marine terrace |
| The daily tidal range is LEAST during ___ tide | neap |
| Fetch is | none of these |
| The ____ Ocean is largest | Pacific |
| Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches | they are geologically very stable |
| Which one of the following is a landform created by wave erosion | sea arch |
| The movement of sand parallel to the shore | all of these |
| A poleward-moving ocean current is | warm |
| The oceans cover approximately ___ percent of Earth's surface | 70 |
| Which one of the following would you NOT associate with turbidity currents | formation of seamounts |
| Which of the following is a tidal current | both flood and ebb tide |
| It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated by | turbidity currents |
| Ozone filters out most of the ________ radiation in sunlight | ultraviolet |
| On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator | December 21 |
| Which one of the gases listed below is more important meteorologically (that is, is more important in weather processes) than the others | carbon dioxide |
| Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere | nitrogen |
| The 90 angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Cancer on | June 21 |
| The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases is called the | greenhouse effect |
| Ozone is concentrated in the | stratosphere |
| Which are mechanisms of heat transfer | all of these |
| The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on | March 21 |
| On the AVERAGE, for every 1 km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature | drops about 6.5C |
| The wavelengths of radiation emitted by Earth are | longer than those emitted by the Sun |
| The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as | ozone |
| With which of the following is dust in the atmosphere associated | all of these |
| Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes | days and nights are equal in length everywhere |
| Practically all clouds and storms occur in this layer of the atmosphere | troposphere |
| The North Pole has a higher noon Sun angle than New York City on this date | none of these |
| A very important control of the DAILY range of temperature is | the amount of water vapor in the air |
| Earth receives energy from the Sun in this way | radiation |
| On the average, how much of the Sun's energy that is intercepted by Earth is reflected back to space | 30% |
| Which one of the following latitudes best represents the location where the Sun is directly overhead at noon on April 21 | 8>N |
| Fifty percent of the gases making up the atmosphere are found below | 3 ½ miles (5.6 km) |
| The two most important heat absorbing gases in the lower atmosphere are | water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| The tropopause is the boundary between | the troposphere and stratosphere |
| The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the | troposphere |
| At noon on February 21, the Sun is overhead | at some point between the Tropic of Capricorn and the equator, heading northward |
| The cloud form that is best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky is termed | stratus |
| The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or "cauliflower-like" structure is called | cumulus |
| This term is used to describe clouds found in the middle height range | alto |
| High clouds that form delicate veil-like patches or extended wispy fibers are termed | cirrus |
| This term is used to describe clouds that produce precipitation | nimbo |
| hese clouds are often called "fair weather" clouds | cumulus |
| This cloud sometimes produces "mare's tails." | cirrus |
| This cloud type is confined to the middle height range | altostratus |
| Hail is most commonly associated with | cumulonimbus |
| A wintertime form of precipitation that consists of small ice particles is called | sleet |
| This fog forms in valleys at night | radiation fog |
| When warm moist air moves over a cold surface, ________ fog may result | advection |
| Which one of the fogs listed below may be categorized as an evaporation fog | steam |
| The amount of water vapor in the air (by volume) usually does not exceed | 4% |
| When using a psychrometer and the two temperatures read nearly the same, you can conclude that | the air has a high relative humidity |
| Under what circumstances could the relative humidity exceed 100% without producing condensation in the air | there are no condensation nuclei |
| The most important process of cloud formation in the atmosphere is | cooling by expansion of air |
| If air at sea level with a temperature of 27C is forced up a mountain slope and the air's dew point at the condensation level is 14C, at what elevation will condensation begin | 1300 meters |
| Which of the following would NOT be associated with stable atmospheric conditions | afternoon thunder showers |
| Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of | rainshadow deserts |
| The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called | condensation |
| The term _____ is used to describe the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state | . sublimation |
| The process by which water vapor changes directly to a solid is called | deposition |
| This process results in the release of about 600 calories of latent heat per gram of water | condensation |
| What is the dew point for the conditions listed above | 20C |
| The station model above describes a pressure of 1099.6 millibars | False |
| An increase in temperature usually results in an increase in pressure | False |
| Isobars are usually drawn for every _________ millibar change in pressure | Correct 4 |
| The larger the pressure gradient, the ____________ the winds | stronger |
| On the diagram above, winds along line AB traveled from | southwest to northeast |
| Wind along line ____ will travel faster than wind along line ____ | AB, CD |
| How many pressure centers did you identify in the model you created from the data above | 2 |
| According to the compass, air would flow from _____ to _____ in the model you created from the data above | west; east |
| Between which two cities would the winds be the strongest in the model above | Denver and Indianapolis |
| Which city is closest to the low pressure center | Indianapolis |
| Standard sea level pressure in millibars is | 1013 mb |
| Standard sea level pressure in inches of mercury is | 29.92 inches |
| Which of these instruments is NOT used to measure air pressure | anemometer |
| An altimeter is an adaptation of the | aneroid barometer |
| Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force | both wind speed and latitude |
| Lines on a weather map connecting places of equal air pressure are called | isobars Closely spaced isobars often indicate |
| A steep pressure gradient | produces strong winds |
| Widely spaced isobars often indicate | light winds |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system (cyclone) blow | counterclockwise and toward the center |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, winds associated with a high pressure system blow | clockwise and outward from the center |
| If Earth were not rotating | air would move directly from high to low pressure |
| Upper air winds | are generally faster than surface winds |
| High air pressure systems are usually associated with | all of these |
| In the Southern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system blow | clockwise and toward the center |
| If "fair" weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be | rising |
| If stormy weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be | falling |
| Most of the United States is situated in which zone of prevailing winds | westerlies |
| Another name for the area of subtropical highs is | horse latitudes |
| This pressure zone is associated with abundant precipitation and warm temperatures | equatorial low |
| When are upper air winds fastest | in winter |
| A Santa Ana (or Chinook or Foehn) wind is a | very dry, warm wind flowing down a mountain slope |
| A sea breeze usually originates during the | day and flows toward the land |
| Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called | jet streams |
| What is the technical name for a high pressure center | anticyclone |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, tornadoes are most frequent during the | April-June period |
| Hurricanes generally are | all of these |
| A wind shift from south or southwest to northwest is commonly associated with the passage of a ____ front | cold |
| When an area is experiencing several consecutive days of rather constant weather, it is probably | air-mass weather |
| When a hurricane moves onto land, it rapidly loses its punch; that is, the storm declines in intensity. Which of the factors listed below contribute to this loss of punch | both friction and lack of warm, moist air |
| Which of the following should have the steepest pressure gradient | tornado |
| If an observer sees cirrus clouds, followed later by cirrostratus, and then altostratus, he or she is witnessing the approach of a ________ front | warm |
| Tornadoes most often move TOWARDS what direction | northeast |
| Typhoon is another name for a | hurricane |
| An mP air mass is | cold and humid |
| An air mass from the Gulf of Mexico is labeled | mT |
| After the center of a mature wave cyclone passes, you should expect | barometric pressure to rise |
| The precipitation associated with a warm front typically arrives ____ the actual frontal boundary | considerably ahead of |
| When an active cold front overtakes a warm front | an occluded front forms |
| Which one of the following statements is NOT true of tornadoes | usually occur along the warm front of a mid-latitude cyclone |
| The eye of a hurricane is | warmer than the rest of the storm |
| This air mass often originates as a different air mass in Siberia and is subsequently altered | cP |
| The air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions in the central United States are | cP and mT |
| On a weather map, ________ fronts are shown by a line with triangular points on one side | cold |
| Cold fronts and warm fronts in the middle latitudes are often associated with a | both middle-latitude cyclone and low pressure |
| This air mass is the source of much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and eastern United States | mT |
| This air mass may produce an occasional "northeaster" in the winter | mP |
| A cT air mass is | warm and dry |
| Which of the following is considered to be a boundary between two different air masses | both warm front and cold front |
| Usually ________ fronts produce several hours of moderate-to-gentle precipitation over a large region | warm |
| On your model the distance from the Sun to Saturn was 52 cm | False |
| On your model, the radius of Mars was 0.4 cm | False |
| On your model, the diameter of neptune was 2.3 cm | True |
| On your model, the distances between the Jovian planets were smaller than the distances between the terrestrial planets | False |
| Pluto is 39.3 times farther from the Sun than Earth | True |
| Uranus is 10 times larger than the Earth | False |
| The Jovian planets have an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide gas and water vapor | False |
| The surface of terrestrial planets are characterized by rocky surfaces while Jovian planets have an icy surface | False |
| The planet with the highest density is Saturn | False |
| Mercury's orbit is less in line with the orbital ecliptic than any other planet | True |
| Which one of the following is not true of Jupiter | a rotational speed slower than Mercury |
| This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy | Galileo |
| Which one of the terrestrial planets has a surface landscape similar to that of the older areas of the Moon | Mercury |
| ______ has a hot, turbulent atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide | Venus |
| Which of the following statements concerning ring satellites of the planets is true | consist of concentrations of particles generally smaller than 10 meters in diameter |
| Which one of the following is most likely to be associated both with impact craters and with volcanic calderas that originate by collapse | landslides and other mass wasting movements along the walls of the depression |
| Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he NOT discover | the two moons of Mars |
| ________ has the great, dark spot on its surface | Neptune |
| Which of these lunar features is the oldest | lunar highlands |
| In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe the | Earth was in the center of the universe |
| Which one of the following statements is a logical explanation for why the Venusian atmosphere contains much more carbon dioxide than Earth's atmosphere | limestone deposition is common on Earth but absent from Venus |
| The smallest planet in the solar system is | Mercury |
| ________ is the principal gas in the Venusian atmosphere and also a minor component of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars | Carbon dioxide |
| The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| The belt (orbit) of the asteroids is located between | Jupiter and Mars |
| The high surface temperatures of this planet have been attributed to the greenhouse effect | Venus |
| Which one of the following is not found on Mars | H2O-rich atmosphere |
| ________, a moon orbiting Jupiter, has an unusually smooth, uncratered, ice-covered surface | Europa |
| Most of the Moon's craters were produced by ________ | the impact of debris (meteoroids) |
| ________ meteorites are thought to be analogous in composition to Earth's core | Iron |
| The surface features of ________ are known only through satellite radar mapping | Venus |
| As the solar system was forming, ____ came closest to undergoing nuclear fusion and becoming a second sun | Jupiter |
| The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles | nebular hypothesis |
| Carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere of Venus | True |
| ____ refers to the bright head of a comet | Coma |
| The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to a widely accepted theory called | the Big Bang |
| A star in which light cannot escape because of the immense gravitational pull at its surface is called a | black hole |
| A first magnitude star is ________ times brighter than a 5th magnitude star | 40 |
| The final stage in the evolution of the most massive stars is a | black hole |
| The Sun belongs to this class of stars | main-sequence star |
| The point in stellar evolution when a star has used up all its fuel and is radiating away its remaining thermal energy as light is the ________ stage | white dwarf |
| These stars are produced during a supernova event | black hole |
| Which main-sequence stars are the least massive | red |
| Which color stars have the highest surface temperature | blue |
| The most dense stars known to exist are | black holes |
| Our galaxy is called the | Milky Way galaxy |
| Most stars are in this stage of evolution | main-sequence star |
| Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature | red |
| When a main-sequence star has exhausted the fuel in the inner region, it becomes a | red giant |
| The measure of a star's brightness is called its | magnitude |
| The distance to stars can be determined from | stellar parallax |
| The Sun is considered an average star | True |
| Which main-sequence stars are the most massive | blue |
| Hubble's law states that galaxies are receding from us at a speed that is proportional to their | distance |
| The final stage for a star which is as massive as the Sun is a | black dwarf |
| This property of a star can be determined from its color | surface temperature |
| One of the most common units used to express stellar distance is the | light-year |
| Based on the observed red shifts in the spectral lines of distant galaxies, astronomers conclude that | the universe is expanding |
| Which one of the objects listed below has the largest size | galaxies |
| Possibly the most cataclysmic event to occur in nature is | a supernova |
Created by:
rmitscher