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May 1st
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of internal and external strucutures, relationships amoung body parts |
| Gross Anatomy, uses what to study | Studies large structures, uses eye to study |
| Micro anatomy | small structures, uses microscopes |
| Cytology | the study of internal structures of individual cells |
| Histology | the study of tissues (groups of cells) |
| what are the 6 levels of anatomy organization | Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level,organ level, organ system, organism |
| When atoms join to form molecules, what level of organization is it considered? | chemical level |
| what are the four major tissue types | epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous |
| define cell | basic unit of structure and function of life |
| a group of structurally similar cells with a common function is considered to be what level of organization? | tissue level |
| the deloid muscle is considered to be what part of organization? | organ level |
| all organ systems function together to maintain life | organism |
| orgaization that contains 2 or more tissues with a common function | organ level |
| several relatd organs that work together to accomplish a common of purpose is a/an .... | organ system |
| Neutrons are composed of ___ and ____. what are their charges | Protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral) |
| what part of an atom orbits the nucleas? | electrons |
| the number of electrons is = to...? | number of protons |
| what is an ion | if an atom gains or looses an electron and is no lnger neutral |
| what are 5 important ions? because? | Ca2+, Na+, K+, H+, Cl- because they are electrolytes |
| the bond that is created from transfer of electrons from 1 atom to another is a/an .... | ionic bond |
| sharing electrons between atoms creates a/an.... | colvalent bond |
| substances held together by bond may be organic or inorganic .. true or false | true |
| Inorganic substance usuallly ____ carbon | lack |
| special exceptions for inorganic substances are (4) | H2CO3, HCO3-, CO2, CO |
| H2O is organic or inorganic? | inorganic |
| organic substances have ____ atoms that are joined by _____ bonds... examples | carbon, covalent, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids |
| what is the most abundant inorganic substance in cells? | water |
| what are three functions of water? | where reactions take place, transport chemicals, maintians body temperature |
| pH of Blood | 7.35- 7.45 |
| a 4, 7, 8 of the pH scale is considered to be? | acidic, neutral, basic |
| what are four important organic substances? | carbohydrates, protiens, lipids, nucleic acids |
| formula for carbohydrates and what is included as a carbohydrate | C(H2O)n... C,H,O |
| what are three parts of carbohyrdates? | monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccarides |
| many monoscacharides bonded together is called? | polysaccaride |
| known as the simple sugars | monosaccaride |
| form of a carbohydrate that is covalentally bonded together, and what does it consist of? | disaccharides, consists of two monscarides |
| 4 examples of a monosaccharide? | glucose, fructous, ribose, deoxyribose |
| Albumin is an example of a/ an ...? | protien |
| protiens include | C,H,O,N (S) |
| four "stage/forms" of a protien | Amino acids (basic building block), dipetide (2AA), polypeptide (many AA), protien (1 or more polypeptide) |
| What is considered a lipid? | C,H,O but a different ratio than a carbohydrate |
| lipids are soulable/insoluable in water? | insoluabe |
| what are some examples of lipids? | fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol and fatty acids |
| what are the four categories of lipids | glcerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steriods |
| what is the most common lipid in diet and body? | glycerides |
| what are the building blocks to glycerides? 3 examples... | gycerol and fatty acids; monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride |
| characteristics of phospholipids | glyceral backbone and 2 FA and 1 phosphate group |
| a lipid that was derived from cholestrol are called | steriods |
| bile salts belong to the lipid group... | steroids |
| Nucleic acids are | C,H,O,N,P |
| nucleotide the basic building block of nucleic acids contain what 3 three things? | monosaccaride (ribose, deoxyribose), phosphate, organic base (adenine, thymine or urucil, cytosine, guanine |
| formula for DNA | Pi- deoxyribose- A,T,C or G (A-t; or G-C) |
| formula for RNA | Pi- ribose- A,U,C or G (A-U; or C-G) |
| what does ATP stand for? | Adenosine triphsphine |
| formula for ATP | A-P-P-P --> A-P-P + pi + NRG |
| in ATP why is NRG created? | because electrons, of the phosphate group that breaks off, are going from a higher NRG state to lower NRG state |
| two main principle parts of a cell are | the cell membrane, the cell cytoplasm |
| what are the 4 parts to the cell membrane | phospholipids bilayer, membrane protiens,membrane carbohydrates, and the microvilli |
| the membrane protiens that are attached to the surface of the bilayer are called | peripheral |
| within the membrane have a hydrophoic region, these membrane protiens are called | integral |
| what are the 6 functions of the membrane proteins? | enzymes, transporters channels, receptors (chemical signals), anchors (attach cell to skeleton), identity markers (for immune system) |
| membrane carbohydrates are only on the ____ surface | outer |
| membrane carbohydrates are bound to ____ or ____ | protiens or lipids |
| function of membrane carbohydrates | cell recognitions for tissue cells |
| in a cell membrane what are microvilli? function | small projections of membrane. to increase surface area of the cell |
| what are the two divisions of cytoplasm of a cell? | cytosol and organelles |
| list the non-membranous organelles that are in direct contact with the cytosol (3) | ribosomes,centrosome, cyotskeleton |
| ribsomes | sites for protien synythesis |
| centrosome is...forms... organizes | a dense area in the cytoplasm, forms the spindle apperatus, organizes the sytoskeleton |
| cytoskeleton determines...important in.. formed from... | the shape of the cell; cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring of organelles and protiens; protiens |
| three parts to the cytoskeleton and functions | microfilaments (muscle contraction, cell locomotion, maintance of cell shape and projections and cytokinesis), intermediate filaments (supports the cytoplasm), microtubles (centrioles, spindle apparatus, cilia, flagella) |
| list all membranous organelles that are surrounded by a membrane that isolates them from the cytosal (3) | mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus |
| mitochondria look like... have ____ membrane... major site of ____ ___ and has its own ___-, ____, and ____ | an astronaut footprint, double, atp synthesis, DNA, RNA, protiens |
| four parts of the ER | Rough ER, Smooth ER, golgi apperatus, lysomes |
| RER; do/don't have ribosomes, synthesis of ____, ____ and membrane ________ | do, secretory, lysosomal, protiens |
| SER: Functions include ____ and ____ hormone synthesis; ____ and ____ detoxification | lipid, steroid, drug, toxin |
| golgi apparatus shape... stacks of ____ ____, modifies newly made ___, ____ and _____ protiens and ____ to cell membrane, _____, or for secretion. is said to be the ____ ___ ____ | membrane discs, protiens, sorts, delivers, lipids, lysosomes, cellular post office |
| lysosomes are filled with ____ ____. digest ___, ___ ___ and worn-out ____ | digestive enzymes, bacteria, old cells, organelles |
| Centrosome, Chromatid, centromere, chromatin, chromosome | centrosome: nonmembranous organelle froms spindle apperatus Chromatid: chromosomes not individually visible (spaghetti) Centromere: sister chromatids attached to each other at an area of DNA Chromatin:chromosomes individually visible Chromosome: gen |
| membranous organelle that is the control centre of the cell, includes two parts | Nucleus, nuclear envolope, nucleolus |
| Nucleolus; does/does not have a mebrane, consists of ____, ____, and ____. loops of ___ from ____ seperate _____ chromos. This DNA has genes for making_____. Makes and assembles _____. what is made up of DNA and histone protiends? what are the two forms? | does not, DNA, RNA, protiens, DNA, 10, rRNA, ribosomes, chromosomes, chromatin and chromatid |
| cells of body except cells undergoing/ resulting meiosis are | somatic cells |
| autosomal chromosomes | 1-22, each contain genes for somatic characteristics |
| a unit of heredity? what does it contain? | gene, information for synethsis of protiens |
| each autosomal chromosome pair is not identical, but equivalent.. this is called? | homologous chromosomes |
| cell cycle | interphase (G1,S, G2), m phase (Mitosis; prophase, metaphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase- Meiosis:prophase I, metaphase I, Anaphase I, telophase I, Prophase II, Metatphase II, Anaphase II, TelophaseII |
| interphase overall | g1-replication- s phase (chromatin-sister chromatids-centromeres- kinetochore)- g2 |
| m phase= ? .. involves? | cell division, mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitosis funtion? and produces? | growth and repair tissues... 2 identical duaghter cells= somatic cell |
| Prophase (4) | chromosomes condense become invidiually visible nuclear envolope and nucleoi dissappear centronsomes move to pole kinetochore protiens attach to spindle microtublues |
| metaphase | 46 chromosomes line up on cell equator |
| anaphase (2) | 46 chromosomes migrate to each pole cytokinesis begins |
| telophase | spindle disassembles chromosomes become chromatin nucleoli and nuclear envolope reappear- mitosis ends |
| prophase I | tetrads form and crossing over occurs |
| metaphase I | 23 tetrads line up at the equator |
| anaphase I | tetrads split, chromosomes migrate |
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Anatomy Flash Cards