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Ethos, Pathos, Logos
Examples and Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inductive Reasoning | Takes specific facts and draws conclusions. EX: Emily gets straight A's in IB, all kids in IB get straight A's. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Begins with generalization and applies it to specific case. EX: All turtles have shells, if I see a turtle it must have a shell. |
| Slippery Slope | If A happens the B, C, D, E,.… Z will also happen. EX: If I fail one AP test, then no college will accept me and I will work at McDonalds for the rest of my life. |
| Hasty Generalization | Conclusion based on little or biased evidence EX: Even though we just started going out I can tell you're going to cheat on me. |
| False Dilemma | False number of options usually two are given, in reality a lot more exist. EX: IB: Be in it or Fail at life. |
| False Analogy | Two objects are shown to be alike, Argued that since one has a certain property the other also has that certain property. EX: Life is like a box of chocolate, since you don't know whats in a box of chocolate, you don't know what'll happen in life. |
| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc | If A occurred after B then B must of cause A. EX: I ate McDonalds and now I have cancer, McDonalds must've given me cancer. |
| Genetic Fallacy | Argues that because of a objects origin the object must be bad. EX: Mercedes must be bad cars because they come from Germany and Hitler was german. |
| Begging the Claim | What author has to prove is stated in the sentence. EX: Dirty and nasty homeless people should be killed. |
| Circular Argument | Repeats argument doesn't actually prove it. EX: You can tell I'm really popular because I have lots of friends. |
| Either/Or | Oversimplifies argument by reducing choices down to 2. EX: Either we stop killing trees for homework or kill the earth. |
| Ad Hominem | Attacks person not persons argument. EX: Teachers don't teach because they have absolutely no idea what they're talking about. |
| Ad Populum | Emotional appeal that speaks to positives or negatives other than the real issue. EX: If you were a true IB student, you'd be studying instead of wasting time on facebook. |
| Red Herring | Tries to avoid key issues. EX: Sure growing coca plants (plants that make cocaine) is bad but how would farmers in Columbia survive without it. |
| Appeal to Force | Audience told that if they do not agree with speaker, something bad will happen. EX: If you want to live you'd better shut your mouth! |
| Bandwagon | Trying to make subject follow the crowd. EX: Miley Cyrus is cool, If you want to be cool you have to be slutty like her. |
| Card Stacking | Leaving something crucial out of the argument. EX: Students that do well in IB do well in college, therefore all students should be in IB. |
| Glittering Generalities | Positive words linked to highly valued subjects, take approval without thinking EX: You should stop wasting paper "in the defense of mother nature". *The part in the quotation marks is the Glittering Generality |
| Ethos | Appealing to ethical part of person |
| Pathos | Appealing to emotional part of person |
| Logos | Appealing to logical part of person |
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