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Ch. 28 reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| produces gametes and secretes sex hormones | gonads |
| store and transport gametes | ducts |
| produces substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement | accessory glands |
| male organs of the reproductive system | testes, ducts, accessory sex glands, and supporting structures |
| name the 4 male ducts | epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra |
| name the 3 accessory sex glands | seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands |
| name the 2 supporting structures | scrotum, penis |
| which 2 muscles in scrotum regulate temperature of testes? | cremaster and dartos muscles |
| where are sperm produced? | in the seminiferous tubules of testes |
| the testes are enclosed in dense CT called: | tunica albiguinea |
| Leydig (interstitial) cells of testes produces what hormone? | testosterone |
| Sertoli (sustentacular) cells of testes produces what hormone? | inhibin |
| refers to cells containing the full chromosome number | diploid |
| a packet of discarded nuclear material from the first or second meiotic division of the egg | polar body |
| the degeneration of oogonia before and after birth | atresia |
| the cell produced by the union of an egg and a sperm | zygote |
| refers to cells containing one-half the chromosome number | haploid |
| the process during meiosis when portions of hemologous chromosomes may be exchanged with each other | crossing-over |
| relaxes the uterus by inhibiting myometrial contractions during monthly cycles; increass flexibility of the pubic symphysis during childbirth | relaxin |
| stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone in males and triggers ovulation in females | LH |
| inhibits production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland | inhibin |
| posterior pituitary hormone responsible for uterine contraction and release of milk from mammary glands | oxytocin |
| stimulates male pattern of development; stimulates protein synthesis; contributes to sex drive | testosterone |
| stimulates male extrernal genital development | DHT |
| maintains the corpus luteum during the first trimester of pregnancy | hCG |
| contributes to male sexual behavior, spermatogenesis, and libido | androgens |
| promotes development of female reproductive structures; lowers blood cholesterol | estrogesn |
| stimulates the initial secretion of estrogens by growing follicles; promotes follicle growth | FSH |
| is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the uterine lining during the first trimester of pregnancy | progesterone |
| anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production | prolactin |
| site of sperm maturation | epididymis |
| the male copulatory organ; a passageway for ejaculation of sperm and excretion of urine | penis |
| sperm-forming cells | spermatogenic cells |
| produce an alkaline substance that protects sperm by neurtralizing acids in the urethra | bulbourethral glands |
| ejects sperm into the urethra just before ejaculation | ejaculatory duct |
| the supporting structure for the testes | scrotum |
| carries the sperm from the scrotum into the abdominopelvic cavity for release by ejaculation; is cut and tied as a means of sterilization | ductus deferens |
| the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems in the male | urethra |
| surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces secretions that contribute to sperm motility and viability | prostate gland |
| produce testosterone | leydig cells |
| supporting structure that consists of the ductus deferens, testicular artery, autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscle | spermatic cord |
| support and protect developing spermatogenic cells; secrete inhibin; form the blood-testis barrier | sertoli cells |
| secrete an alkaline fluid to help neutralize acids in the female reproductive tract;secrete fructose for use in ATP production by sperm | seminal vesicles |
| contraction and relaxation moves testes near to or away from pelvic cavity | cremaster muscle |
| site of spermatogenesis | seminiferous tubules |
| modified sudoriferous glands involved in lactaion | mammary glands |
| a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves in the female; homologue of the male glans penis | clitoris |
| produce mucus in the female during sexual arousal and intercourse; homologous to the male bulbourethral gland | greater vestibular glands |
| the group of cells that nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secret estrogens | follicle |
| a pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes; the site of menstruation; the site of implantaion of a fertilized ovum; the womb | uterus |
| produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin | corpus luteum |
| draw the ovum into the uterine tube | fimbriae |
| the opening between the uterus and the vagina | cervix |
| muscular layer of uterus; responsible for expulsion of fetus from uterus | myometrium |
| mucus-secreting glands in the female that are homologous to the prostate gland | paraurethral glands |
| the female copulatory organ; the birth canal | vagina |
| passageway for ovum to the uterus; usual site of fertilization; site of tubal ligation | fallopian (uterine) tubes |
| refers to the external genitals of the female | vulva |
| the layer of the uterine lining that is partially shed during each monthly cycle | endometrium |
| oral contraceptives work by : | causing a thickening of the cervical mucus, inhibiting release of FSH and LH, and preventing ovulation |
| the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle | menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, ovulation, and postovulatory phase |
| during the ___ phase, small secondary follicles in the ovary begin to enlarge while the uterus is shedding its lining | menstrual |
| during the ___ phase, a dominant follicle continues to grow and begins to secrete estrogens and inhibin while the uterine lining begins to rebuild | preovulatory |
| if pregnancy does not occur, then the corpus luteum degenerates into a scar called the ___ ___, and the uterine lining is prepared to be shed again | corpus albicans |
| cells from the yolk sac give rise to ___ | oogonia |
| primary oocytes enter prophase of ___ during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty | meiosis I |
| Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it proceeds to metaphase of ___ and stops at this stage | meiosis II |
| the ___ oocyte resumes meiosis II and forms the ovum and a polar body only if fertilization occurs | secondary |
| ___ are stem cells because when the undergo mitosis, some of the daughter cells remain to serve as a reservoir of cells for future mitosis | spermatogonia |
| ___ is a division of pairs of chromosomes resulting in daughter cells with only one member of each chromosome pair | meiosis I |
| ___ separates the chromatids of each chromosome | meiosis II |
| ___ involves the maturation of spermatids into sperm | spermiogenesis |
| the process by which the seminiferous tubules produce haploid sperm is called | spermatogenesis |
| a sperm ___ contains DNA and an acrosome | head |
| ___ in the midpiece of a sperm produce ATP for sperm motility | mitochondria |
| a sperm's ___, a flagellum, propels it along its way | tail |
| promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics; lower blood cholesterol; in moderate levels, inhibits release of GnRH and the secretion of LH and FSH | estrogens |
| dilation of blood vessels supplying erectile tissue results in | erection |
| ___ ___ causes smooth muscle within erectile tissue to relax, which results in widening of blood sinuses | nitric oxide (NO) |
| spematogenesis does not occur at normal body temperature. true or false? | true |
| the route of sperm from the production in the testes to the exterior of the body is: | seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice |
| function of testes | produce sperm (gametes) and the male sex hormone testosterone |
| function of the ducts | transport, store, and assist in sperm maturation |
| function of the accessory sex glands | secrete most of the liquid portion of semen that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement |
| the penis contains the ___, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine | urethra |
| consists of loose skin and an underlying subcutaneous layer and supports the testes | scrotum |
| the testes are the male gonads, which produce ___ sperm | haploid |
| occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes | spermatogenesis |
| involves the maturation of spermatids into sperm | spermiogenesis |
| diploid cells (2n) have __ chromosomes | 46 |
| haploid cells (n) have ___ chromosomes | 23 |
| release of FSH is stimulated by ___ and inhibited by ____ | GnRH, inhibin |
| release of LH is stimulated by ___ and inhibited by ___ | GnRH, testosterone |
| FSH and testosterone act on sertoli cells to secrete ___ | androgen binding protein (ABP) |
| LH stimulates leydig cells to secrete ___ | testosterone |
| ___ keeps testosterone levels high so sperm can be produced | ABP |
| secrete alkaline, viscous fluid that helps neurtalize acid in femal repro tract; provides FRUCTOSE for ATP production by sperm; produces PROSTAGLANDINS for sperm motility and viability,and produces CLOTTING PROTEINS for semen coagulation | seminal vesicles |
| secretes an acidic milky fluid that subsequently breaks down clotting proteins from seminal vesicles; citric acid in fluid used for ATP production by sperm for motility; increases in size with age; size of a golfball | prostate |
| about the size of a pea; secretes alkaline fluid that protects sperm from acids in urine; secretes mucus that lubricates end of penis to decrease damage of sperm during ejaculation | bulbourethral glands |
| organs of reproduction in females | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands |
| the persistent and painful erection of the corpora cavernosa penis; may be a response to medication for erectile dysfunction | priapism |
| emission and ejaculation are ___ responses | sympathetic |
| an __ is a parasympathetic response: nerves release and cause local dilation of NO | erection |
| ___ glands are considered part of both the reproductive and integumentary systems | mammary |
| the female gonads; they produce haploid oocytes (gametes called 2ndry oocytes); produces/secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin | ovaries |
| covers the outer surface of the ovary | germinal epithelium |
| large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its 2ndry oocyte (known as ovulation) | mature (graafian) follicle |
| formed after ovulation; produces hormones estrogen and progesterone | corpus luteum |
| degenerated fibrous scar tissue of corpora luteum | corpus albicans |
| formation of gametes in the ovaries | oogenesis |
| each primary oocyte is surrounded by a ___ ___ | primordial follicle |
| maturation of an ovum during the ovarian cycle: | primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature (graafian) follicle, corpus hemorrhagic (ruptured follicle), corpus luteum, corpus albicans |
| in a ___ oocyte, meiosis II is completed only if fertilization occurs | secondary |
| 3 layers of the uterus from superficial to deep | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| consists of the fundus, body, and cervix; site of menstruation, implantation of fertilized egg, development of fetus and labor | uterus |
| causes a sperm cell's tail to beat more vigourously | capacitation |
| consists of mons pubis, labia major and minor, clitoris, vestibule, vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, 3 sets of glands | vulva (aka pudendum) |
| diamond-shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks of males and females; consists of 2 triangles | perineum |
| ___ ___ triangle contains the genitals | anterior urogenital |
| ___ ___ triangle contains the anus | posterior anal |
| functions in secretion, synthesis and ejection of milk | mammary glands |
| uterine and ovarian cycles controlled by ___ and ovarian hormones (___ and ___) | GnRH, estrogens, progesterone |
| primary ovarian hormones before ovulation | estrogens |
| after ovulation, both __ and __ are secreted by the corpus luteum | progesterone and estrogens |
| at midcycle, a surge of __ triggers ovulation | LH |
| hormones from the ___ ___ regulate ovarian function, and hormones from the ovaries regulate changes in the ___ lining of uterus | anterior pituitary, endometrial |
| the presence of ___ stimulates differentiation of the external genitals in males; its absence allows differentiation of the external genitalia in females | DHT |
| declining levels of estrogens and progesterone stimulate secretion of GnRH is a positive or negative feedback and why? | negative feedback, response is opposite to the stimulus; declining levels of est and prog stimulates release of GnRH which increases production/release of LH and FSH ultimately stimulating secretion of estrogens |
| effect of rising but moderate levels of estrogens is ___ feedback inhibition of the secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH | negative |
| the hormones responsible for the proliferative phase of endometrial growth and the midcycle surge of LH are | estrogens |
| the hormones responsible for ovulation and growth of corpus luteum are | LH |
| which hormones regulate the synthesis of milk? | prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone |
| which hormone regulates the ejection of milk? | oxytocin |
| the ___ ___ of the endometrium provides cells to replace those that are shed (the stratum ___) during each menstruation | stratum basalis, functionalis |
| the muscles that help regulate the temperature of the testes | cremaster and dartos |
| the 2 tissue layers that cover and protect the testes | tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea |
| which cells of the testes secrete testosterone? | leydig |
| during ___ the number of chromosomes in each cell is reduced by half | meiosis I |
| the sperm ___ contains the nucleus with 23 chromosomes and an acrosome | head |
| which cells secrete inhibin? | sertoli |
| testosterone inhibits release of | LH |
| inhibin inhibits release of | FSH |
| which accessory sex gland contribute the largest volume to seminal fluid | seminal vesicles |
| blood sinuses that fill with blood that cannot flow out of penis as quickly as it flows in | 2 corpora cavernosa penis and 1 corpus spongiosum penis |
| keeps the spongy urethra open so that ejaculation can occur | corpus spongiosum |
| the testes are homologous to the | ovaries |
| the glans penis is homologous to the | clitoris |
| the prostate is homologous to the | paraurethral glands |
| the bulbourethral glands are homologous to the | greater vestibular glands |
| anchors ovary to broad ligament of uterus and uterine tube | mesovarium |
| anchors ovary to uterus | ovarian ligament |
| anchors ovary to pelvic wall | suspensory ligament |
| ovarian follicles secrete | estrogens |
| the corpus luteum secretes | progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin |
| most __ follicles undergo atresia (degeneration) | ovarian |
Created by:
girlvo