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A and P exam 4
A and P II, final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hyposecretion of the pancreas | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone | Pituitary Dwarfism |
| Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex | Addison's Disease |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants | Cretinism |
| Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex | Cushing's Disease |
| The gland that controls the fight | or |
| Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body | Pancreas |
| Produces the body's major metabolic hormones | Thyroid |
| Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue | Parathyroid |
| The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands | Hypophysis |
| In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation | True |
| Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin | False |
| The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue | False |
| The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis | True |
| The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin | True |
| Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects | False |
| Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system | False |
| Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant | False |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium | True |
| While glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects | True |
| The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual | True |
| The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin | parathormone |
| Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters | True |
| All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH | True |
| Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine | True |
| The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid | False |
| Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones | False |
| Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin | False |
| The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone synthesis | False |
| Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress | False |
| Direct gene activation involves a second | messenger system |
| All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA | True |
| The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin | False |
| All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second | messenger |
| The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary | False |
| Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system | True |
| ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones | True |
| LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin | True |
| The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males | False |
| Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions | True |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. | Cortisol |
| ADH ________. | is inhibited by alcohol |
| Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. | entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. |
| Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. | production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty |
| Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. | down |
| Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? | direct control of the nervous system |
| The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ___ | the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
| Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. | hypophyseal portal system |
| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. | it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release |
| Insulin, a small (51 | amino |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. | entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
| Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. | Thymus gland |
| The second | messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. |
| Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. | during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes |
| Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible beca | G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers |
| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. | steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells |
| When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight | or |
| One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | humoral stimulation |
| The major targets of growth hormone are ________. | bones and skeletal muscles |
| The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. | targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | Heart |
| Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. | Cortisol |
| Virtually all of the protein or amino acid | based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. |
| Leptin is secreted by ________. | Adipocytes |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. | Aldosterone |
| Which of the following is not a steroid | based hormone? |
| Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second | messenger systems of hormone action? |
| Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers. | An amino acid derivative can be a hormone |
| Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? | a hormone |
| Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second | messenger systems include ________. |
| Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. | first enter into the hypophyseal portal system |
| ACTH ________. | secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion |
| Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? | Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood |
| Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? | Enzyme |
| Aldosterone ________. | functions to increase sodium reabsorption |
| The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. | Thyroid Hormone |
| Which organ does not have hormone production? | Liver |
| In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. | Up |
| Eicosanoids do not include ________. | Hydrocortisones |
| A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle | stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. |
| Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? | Liver |
| Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | It does not require a second messenger to effect a response |
| Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________. | excessively high blood iodine concentrations |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________. | increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
| Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. | Hormones |
| What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid | base hormones? |
| The hypothalamic | hypophyseal tract ________. |
| Tropic hormones ________. | include ACTH and TSH |
| Growth hormone ________. | promotes long bone growth during the formative years |
| Oxytocin ________. | release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
| Location of Hormones in the Adrenal Gland | Cortex: GFR-Salt, Sugar, Sex -Mineralocorticoids, incl. aldosterone (zona glomerulosa,i.e. salt) -Glucocorticoids, incl.cortisol (zona fasciculata, i.e., sugar) -Sex hormones, incl. androgens (zona reticularis, i.e., sex) Medulla -Secrete catecholami |
| Relationship of Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary (posterior hypothesis) | Neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in supraoptic & paraventricular hypothalamus synthesize either ADH or oxytocin- not both -Axons go to posterior pituitary via hypothalmic-hypophysial tract, PP axon terminals store hormones until stimulated for release |
| FSH and LH are part of the _____ group of hormones and are produced in the _____ , while Androgens are apart of the ______ group of hormones and are produced in the _____ | -FSH and LH: gonadotropins; anterior pituitary -Androgens and other steroid hormones: gonadocorticoids; adrenal cortex, zona reticularis |
| Carriers | heterozygotes who do not express a trait but can pass it on to their offspring |
| -Example of dominant disorders -Examples of recessive conditions | -Dominant disorders: achondroplasia (type of dwarfism) and Huntington’s disease (degenerative neural disorder) Examples of recessive conditions: albinism, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease (disorder in brain lipid metabolism) |
| Incomplete Dominance | Heterozygous individuals with phenotype between homozygous dominant & homozygous recessive Ex: Sickling gene: aberrant Hb from the recessive allele (s) SS = normal Hb Ss = sickle-cell trait; both aberrant & normal Hb ss = only aberrant Hb is made) |
| Multiple-Allele Inheritance | Genes that exhibit more than two alternate alleles ABO blood grouping is an example Three alleles (IA, IB, IO) determine the ABO blood type in humans IA and IB are codominant (both are expressed if present), and IO is recessive |
| Sex-linked Inheritance | Inherited traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes X chromosomes bear over 2500 genes found only on X; traits typically passed from mom to son & are never masked in males (no Y counterpart) Y chromosomes carry about 15 genes |
| Polygene Inheritance | Depends on several different gene pairs at different loci acting in tandem Results in continuous phenotypic variation between two extremes Examples: skin color, eye color, and height |
| Explain mechanism of polygene inheritance using skin color as an example | Dark skin alleles (ABC) incompletely dominant over those for light skin (abc) The first generation offspring each have three “units” of darkness (intermediate pigmentation) The second generation offspring have a wide variation in possible pigmentations |
Created by:
emvey