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Physics module 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The range of electromagnetic energy in wavelengths. It is a continuum of every possible electromagnetic frequency. Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of different ranges of wavelengths within this spectrum. |
| Wavelength | The length of one wave, measured from the top of one wave to the top of the next. To calculate wavelength, divide the velocity (300 million meters per second) by the frequency. |
| Frequency | Number of waves that go by in a second; measured in hertz (Hz). |
| Amplitude | The height of a wave. A wave with a large amplitude is generally stronger than a wave with a small amplitude. |
| Some knowledge | All forms of electromagnetic radiation travel at the speed of light. (186,282 miles per second or 3x10 to the 8th power m/s) |
| Frequency | refers to the number of waves that go by a specific point in one second |
| Hertz | The SI unit of measurement for frequency (abbreviated Hz); 1 Hz is defined as 1 cycle per second. |
| Which of the following wavelengths will have the highest frequency? | 10^-11m |
| An electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light defines? | All electromagnetic radiation |
| What is the frequency of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 3x10^12m? | 1x10^20m/s |
| Which of the following has the lowest energy? microwaves, visible light, infrared light, gamma rays. | Microwaves |
| What characteristic refers to the velocity of a wave? | Speed |
| What vibrates with electromagnetic radiation? | Electromagnetic field |
| James Maxwell | He discovered that all waves of electromagnetic energy travel at the same speed—the speed of light this was discovered in the second half of the nineteenth century. |
| Refracted | "Bending" of light rays as they pass through one clear medium to another. The amount of refraction varies, depending on wavelength |
| Transmitted | The state of light or x-ray photons that have passed through a substance such as air, clear glass, or different substances in the patient's body. |
| Inverse square law | The principle that the intensity of electromagnetic radiation such as light or x-rays diminishes by a factor of the square of the distance from its source. |
| Attenuated | The condition in which some electromagnetic radiation photons (such as light or x-rays) are absorbed but some are transmitted through a substance. |
| Radiopaque | The quality of a structure that is denser and, therefore, absorbs x-rays more readily. |
| Ionization | The process of turning an atom into an ion by adding or removing an electron. In either case, the change in the number of electrons changes the electrical charge of the atom. |
| X-rays being transmitted through substances exhibits characteristics of? | Waves |
| The warm feeling that sunlight causes on the skin is a characteristic of? | Particle |
| Reflection is a characteristic of the following | Wave |
| Which end of the electromagnetic is more likely to exhibit characteristics of particles? | High end |
| Seeing color is a characteristic of the following | Wave |
| Electron volts (eV) | A measure of the energy of a moving electron or x-ray photon; abbreviated as eV. An electron has 1 eV when it is accelerated by an electric potential of 1 volt (V). |
| Equation for calculating photon energy in electron volts | E (energy)= h (plank's constant) x f (frequency in hertz) |
| Energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum is very wide, it is the following | ( 10^-12 to 10^10 eV) |
| If one electromagnetic photon has twice the frequency of another, how much greater is this photons energy than the first? | 2 times |
| Which wavelength is outside the electromagnetic spectrum? | 10^-20 ( The frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum is from 10^2 to 10^24) |
| What is the range of the wavelength for electromagnetic spectrum? | 10^6 to 10^-16 |
| Where do gamma rays originate? | Nuclei of atoms |
| What medium is required for electromagnetic radiation to travel> | No medium is required |
| Particulate radiation | A stream of particles, such as electrons, neutrons, protons, or alpha particles |
| Radioactivity | General term for the processes by which atoms with unstable nuclei radiate excess energy in the form of particles and energy |
| Radionuclide | A radioactive atom |
| Radioactive decay | The process by which radionuclides (radioactive atoms) emit particles and energy. |
| What are the 3 types of rays? | Alpha, Beta and Gamma. |
| Excess energy emitted as particles are called what? | Alpha and beta particles |
| Alpha rays | Have a positive charge |
| Beta rays | Have a negative charge |
| Gamma rays | Have no charge. A type of electromagnetic radiation at the high end of the spectrum with a frequency greater than visible and ultraviolet lights. Gamma rays originate in the nuclei of atoms that are decaying. |
| Photon | A packet of energy that has no mass; all electromagnetic energy, including light and x-rays, is in the form of photons |
| Alpha particle | A particle that has two protons bound to two neutrons, but no electrons. This particle has the same nucleus as a helium atom, but an alpha particle is not an atom because it has no electrons. |
| Beta particle | An electron that forms inside an unstable nucleus and is immediately ejected as a type of radioactive decay. |
| Half-life | The length of time it takes for half the atoms in a given amount of an element to decay; a measure of radioactivity. Half-life is measured in units of curies (Ci) or becquerels (Bq). |
| Curie | A measure of the rate of radioactive decay; the amount of material that has 37 billion nuclei decaying in 1 second; abbreviated as Ci. |
| Becquerel | A unit of radioactivity, defined as that of quantity of a radioactive nuclide whose rate of spontaneous nuclear transformation is one decay event per second (1 s-1); 1 curie equals 3.7 x 1010 becquerels; 1 microcurie equals 37 kilobecquerels. Becquere |
| Which of the following is part of the electromagnetic spectrum but emitted from an unstable nuclei? | Gamma |
| How many protons does an alpha particle have? | 2 |
| Where does a beta particle originate? | Nucleus |
| Radioactivity is the result of atomic nuclei possessing: | Too much energy |
| Which of the following is not a member of the electromagnetic spectrum? | Beta |
| Which of the following has the highest energy? | Gamma rays |
| Electromagnetic radiation includes what types of disturbances in space? | Electric and Magnetic |
| What is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation? | Speed of light |
| What wave characteristic is the same for all members of the electromagnetic spectrum? | Speed |
| Which wave characteristic refers to the height of a wave? | Amplitude |
| If wavelength increase, what happens to frequency? | It decreases |
| What frequency will have the longest wavelength? | The lower the frequency the longer the wavelength |
| What is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 1X10^10Hz? | To find wavelength we divide speed of light by the frequency. (3x10^8m/s / 1x10^10Hz= 3x10^-2m) |
| What does wave-particle duality mean? | Electromagnetic radiation has characteristics of waves and particles. |
| Refraction is a characteristic of which of the following? | Wave |
| Frequency is a characteristic of which of the following? | Wave |
| Transmission is a characteristic of which of the following? | Wave |
| The interaction of ultraviolet light with the skin is an example characteristic of which of the following? | Particle |
| Following the concept of the inverse square law, light exhibits characteristics of? | Particles |
| Attenuation of x-rays is a characteristic of what? | Waves |
| X-rays ability to ionize matter is a characteristic of? | Particles |
| What differentiates x-rays from gamma rays? | Energy, Source and Frequency |
| What distinguishes x-rays and gamma rays apart from the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum? | Ability to ionize matter |
| Planck's quantum theory describes a relationship between what two things? | Frequency and energy |
| What happens to photon energy as frequency increases? | Increases |
| Waves and particles emitted from unstable nuclei are called? | Radiation |
| A radionuclide refers to atoms with which of the following? | Radioactive nucleus |
| Initially, physicists thought alpha, beta and gamma to all be? | Rays. But later experimentation proved alpha and beta to be particles. |
| The half-life of technetium 99m is eight hours. If you have 12mCi of technetium at this moment, how much will remain in 24 hours? | 1.5 mCi |
| What is the Curie actually measuring? | Rate of atomic disintegration |
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volcomgrl12