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jamiebiologyunit3
chap 9, 10, 11, 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aderine | purine nitrogen base pairs with thymine |
| Cytosine | pyrimidine base pairs with guanine |
| DNA | acidic substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus and equal maounts of 4 bases, the genetic material |
| double helix | 5'-3' strands or backbone of DNA alternating sugars and phosphates |
| Guanine | purine base pairs with cytosine |
| Nuclein | acidic substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus found in nuclei of white blood cells |
| Phages | groups of viruses that only attack a specific class of bacteria |
| Purines | DNA bases with 2 parts |
| Pyrimidines | DNA bases with 1 part |
| Thymine | pyrimidine base pairs with aderine |
| Anti-parallel strands | strands of double helix that run opposite of each other |
| Conservative model | parental DNA remains intact and an all new copy is made |
| Dispersive model | parts of parental DNA are mixed up between copies made |
| DNA Polymearase (DNAP) | lays down DNA bases 50 per second |
| Helicase | unwinds and seperates double helix, the plow |
| Lagging end (strand) | copied away from fork center in chort segments each requiring a new primer |
| Leading end (strand) | copied continously into the fork from a single primer starting point |
| Primase | Adds primer to the template strand indicating the starting point, attaches RNA bases |
| Proofreading enzymes | DNA polymerase proofreads copied info looking for mixmatched bases and inserting correct ones |
| Replication | occurs during S phase, it unwinds, breaks and builds a new nucleic strand and mends |
| Replication bubble | when enzymes seperate the strands a bubble is made |
| Semi-conservative | 2 strands of parental molecule seperate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a complimentary strand |
| Why did they tag molecules with radioactives | to determine if protein or DNA transfered virus to the bacteria |
| What is unusual about the double helix | the strands are anti parallel and the pairing of 4 bases keeps it the same width throughout |
| How do enzymes tie together leading and lagging strands | the enzyme ligase seals the sugar phosphates building a new strand up to 150 nucleotides long. The pieces are called okazaki fragments |
| What are the roles of genetic material | to replicate and contain information for protein synthesis |
| What did Chargoff figure out about the bases | the # of A's equals the # of T's and the # of C's equals the # of G's |
| What are the components of a nucleotide | 1 deoxyribose sugar, 1 phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base |
| Wht does DNA have to replicate | for cell division |
| What part of the DNA molecule encodes information | nucleotide base |
| What did density shift experiments show | that DNA replication is semi-conservative not conservative or dispersive |
| Discovery of acidic substance that includes nitrogen and phosphoroes on dirty bandages | identification of nuclein by meischer |
| Blender Experiements showed | the part of a virus that infects bacteria has phosphorous but not sulfer |
| What order do the enzymes follow | helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase |
| How can these long DNA molecules fit into a cells nucleus | they organise into nucleosomes and then compact into chromatin |
| What keeps DNA strands from twisting when replicating | helicase unwinds them and they are stabalized with binding proteins |
| When more than one polypeptide is present in the functioning protein all of the polypeptides together form the | teryiary structure |
| Following transcription what is the first step in RNA processing in eukaryotic cells | addition of a cap |
| Which mode of information transfer usually does not occur | DNA to protein |
| Transcription is the process in which | RNA is synthesized from DNA |
| If the % of guanine in an mRNA is 20% what % is the cytosine | 20% |
| B is an intron between exons A and C. When transcribed and processed by spliceosome what will it look like | A-C |
| In RNA uracil pairs up with | adenine |
| What is read by ribosomes during translation and provides the instructions for building a protein | mRNA |
| The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain comprises ___ structure of the protein | primary |
| An antibotic interferes with ability of ribosome to move. What effect would exposure to this chemical have on a bacteria cell | no proteins would be produced |
| Which molecule contains codons | mRNA |
| How many different kinds of RNA codons are in the genetic code | 64 |
| RNA is transcribed using the ___ strand of DNA | template |
| What describes the central dogma of biology | DNA-RNA-Protein |
| Which is true about introns | they may be involved in exon shuffling |
| The linear order of amino acids in a polypeptide is the ___ structure of a protein | primary |
| What is an example of the degeneracy of the genetic code | a given amino acid has more than one codon |
| What supports the hypothesis that life evolved from a common ancestor | it's universal |
| Transcription occurs in the ___ direction along template strand forming mRNA in the ___direction | 3'-5', 5'-3' |
| During translation the __ site within the ribosome holds the growing amino acid chain while the __site holds the next amino acid to be added to the chain | P, A |
| a codon consistes of 3 consecutive | mRNA bases |
| The first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid is always | AUG |
| Spongiform encephalopathies, such as mad cow disease are caused by | prions- misfolded proteins |
| Transcription is the process in which | RNA is synthesized from DNA |
| A DNA strand 3' AACGTAACG 5" would transcribe to | 5' UUGCAUUGC 3" |
| What is not found in RNA | Deoxyribose |
| What bonds form between amino acids during elongation | peptide |
| What regulates which genes or subsets of genes are transcribed in a particualr cell type | transcription factors |
| What sequence on the template strand of DNA corresponds to the first amino acid inserted into a protein | TAC |
| The process of copying a genes DNA sequence into a sequence of RNA is called | transcription |
| The sugar found in DNA is __ and in RNA is | deoxyribose, ribose |
| Translation terminates when | a stop codon is present in the A site |
| In transcription one DNA strand is transcribed into an __ RNA strand which is then translated into protein | messenger |
| In transcription the promoter | a DNA sequence that RNA polymerase binds to |
| What area does the RNA polymerase bind to | promoter |
| Some researchers point to polymorphisms resistant to __ as evidence that cannibalism was common among prehistoric humans | prion disease |
| After transcription and before translation eukaryotic mRNA is modified by adding | a cap of modified nucleotides and a poly-a-tail |
| How do transcription factors function in the expression of genes | they initiate transcription |
| What form of RNA binds to both the codon and an amino acid | tRNA |
| if a gene for a specific trait and it's corresponding mRNA are isolated and when compared the mRNA had 1000 less bases than the DNA what happened | the introns were removed and only exons remained |
| What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosomes where they join and fom a polypeptide | tRNA |
| How do transcription factors function in the expression of genes | they initiate transcription |
| Of the __ different possible codons, __ specify amino acids and __ signal stop | 64, 61, 3 |
| RNA is synthesized against one strand of the double helix with the assistance of what enzyme | RNA polymerase |
| What is not true about the genetic code | it is overlapping |
| The transcribing enzyme is | RNA polymerase |
| Which molecule contains the genetic code | mRNA |
| What is an example of the degeneracy of the genetic code | a given amino acid had more than one codon |
| Define proteomics | the study of the collection of proteins produced in a particular cell |
| The template strand of DNA for one gene may be | the coding strand of DNA for another gene |
| What is a true statement regarding transposons | they are the most abundant type of repeat in the genome |
| Transcription and translation of a gene composed of 30 nucleotides would form a protein containing no more than __ amino acids | 10 |
| RNA contains which nitrogen containing bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| What is true about introns | they are removed from mRNA molecules |
| Trannsfer RNAs bind to messenger RNAs during translation via their | anticodon |
| The effort to decipher the genetic code was led by | Nirenberg and Matthaei |
| In eukaryotic cells transcription occurs in the __ and translation occurs in the__ | nucleus, cytoplasm |
| Loops, cols and sheets are introduced at the __ level of protein structure | secondary |
| Iteractions between the R groups and water are responsible for the __ level of protein structure | tertiary |
| This is a multiprotein structure shaped like a barrel through which misfolded proteins pass and are refolded or dismantled | proteasome |
| Which enzymes catalyze the elongation of DNA | DNA polymerases |
| Which strand would make the sequence 5' AAACGCTT 3' a double stranded DNA molecule | 5' AAGCGTTT 3' |
| What kind of chemical bonds are found between paired bases of the DNA double helix | hydrogen |
| The enzyme primase is required for DNA replication because | DNA polymerase can only add bases to an exixting nucleic acid strand |
| DNA strands are antiparrallel so replication proceeds | continously on one strand and discontinously on the other |
| The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine results in hypoxanthine an unnatural base opposite thymine what combination of molecules could the cell use to repair | nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase |
| Cystine makes up 38% of nucleotides what % would be thymine | 12% |
| Watson and Crick based their conclusion that DNA was a double helix based on experiements by | Chargoff, Wilkins and Franklin |
| What kind of DNA synthesis produces Okazaki fragments on one strand of DNA template | discontinous |
| What is the function of DNA polymerase | to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand |
| What is the basis for the difference in the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules | DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand |
| The sugar phosphate backbone of DNA is held together by | ligase |
| The enzyme that inserts the correct bases ina growing nucleotide chain in a replicating DNA molucule is | DNA polymerase |
| What would happen if E-coli infected bacteria which had radioactive thymine added and the cell replicated once | DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive |
| What synthesis short segments of RNA | primase |
| Amino acids (and thus proteins) have nitrogen atoms so | radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and protein |
| Who did the experiement with the E-coli labled with radioactive phosphorous | hershey and chase |
| Okazaki fragments are small pieces of | DNA |
| Define Nucleosome | a DNA-protein complex |
| What does transformation involve in bacteria | assimilation of external DNA into a cell |
| Replication proceeds in what direction | 5' to 3' |
| DNA and RNA are polymers of | nucleotides |
| Who said in any DNA sample A=T and C=G | Chargaff |
| Who used Xray diffration to ddeduce the helical shape of DNA | Franklin |
| Who saw that chemicals from heat killed S cells were purified and transfer to R cells, showing that transforming agent was in DNA | Avery, Macleod, and McCarty |
| A eukaroytic cell lacking telomerase would | undergo a reduction in chromosome length |
| What covaletly connects segments of DNA | ligase |
| DNA replication is | semi-conservative |
| In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA | A+C=G+T |
| What happens when T2 phages are grown in presence of radioactive phosphorous | their DNA becomes radioactive |
| What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand durning DNA replication | join okazaki fragments together |
| What is NOT a function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication | initiating a polynucleotide strand |
| Energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds holding bases together which pair woulf be hardest to seperate | C-G |
| If nucleic acid is found to contain 20% A and 20% T the molucule is probably | double stranded DNA |
| The two strands in DNA molecules are | complementary and antiparrallel |
| What is not a componet of chromatin | DNA polymerase |
| Whatt are the building blocks of DNA | nucleotides |
| What is found in a nucleotide | 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group |
| In the Meselon and Stahl experiement the 2nd generation daughter cells contained | LL and LH DNA molecules (semi-conservative) |
| Considering DNA replication along template strand what happens first | Primase adds an RNA primer |
| If DNA polymerase could add bases in 3'-5' direction there would be no need for | okazaki fragments |
| Kary Mullis invented __which uses DNA replication to mass-produce selected DNA sequences in the lab | the polymerase chain reaction |
| This is a DNA base with a single ring structure | pyrimidine |
| This is a 3 base sequence on one loop of a tRNA tha is complimentary to an mRNA codon and joins to appropriate amino acid and its mRNA | anti-codon |
| DNA transcribed-RNA translated-Protein | Central Dogma |
| 3 bases in a row that form a genetic code word | codon |
| RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to growing RNA is called | elongation |
| part of a gene that encodes amino acids | exon |
| This begins at the promoter | initiation |
| Part of a gene that is transcribed but is removed from mRNA before translation into protein | intron |
| This carries info from DNA to ribosome | mRNA |
| Disorders that affect the brain and reflect alternate folding of a single glycoprotein | prions |
| Enzyme that assists the construction of an RNA molecule by adding nucleotides to growing RNA chain | RNA polymerase |
| RNA that with proteins comprises ribosomes (100-3000 nucleotides long)2 sub units | rRNA |
| The first transcription factor to bind protein and is chemically attracted to a DNA sequence is called | tata box |
| sequences in the DNA that prompt the RNA ploymerase to fall off ending the transcript | termination |
| manufacturing RNA from DNA | transcription |
| groups of proteins tha come together forming an apparatus that binds DNA at certain sequences and initiates transcription at specific sites on chromosomes | transcription factors |
| A special sequence tht signals the start of the gene | prometer |
| Production of amino acid chain at ribosome | Translation |
| 3rd major type of RNA molecule that binds mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other | tRNA |
| The three steps of transcription | initiation at promoter, elongation by RNA polymerase, termination RNA polymerase falls off ending transcript |
| The tree steps of translation | initiation starts at codon, elongation ribosome uses tRNA anticodon to match, termination when A site of ribosome has a stop codon |
| What does RNA processing do to the mRNA transcript | adds short sequence of nucleotides called the 'cap" to the 5' end and adds a poly-a-tail to the 3' end so protein synthesis can start |
| Bacterial genes are coordinately regulated and organized into | operons |
| small RNAs with catalytic activity that can splice introns are | ribozymes |
| Ribozymes join proteins to form | snRNPs which associate to form splicesomes |
| After processing RNA must be exported from | the nucleus before it's translated |
| The basis of some diseases are caused by | errors in protein folding |
| What builds different proteins by combining exons of a gene in different ways | alternative splicing |
| Transcription of a genes DNA into RNA is | gene expression |
| Different polypeptide subunits attract oxygen molecules to different degrees | globin chain switching |
| molecule made of 2 globular protein chains from beta group and 2 from alpha group | hemoglobin |
| adding or removal of methal group to a compound or other element | methylation |
| 10 types of proteins account ofr what % of plasma proteins | 90% |
| A special sequence that signals the start of the gene and RNA polymerase is attracted to it | promoter |
| complete portrait of gene expression which considers all proteins made in a cell | proteomics |
| used to discover gene functions and to silence dangerous gene variants | RNAi (RNA interference) |
| Groups of proteins that come together and form an apparatus that binds DNA at certain sequences and initiats transcription at specific sites on chromosomes | transcription factors |
| What controls transcription | DNA |
| What controls translation | RNA |
| Why is proteomics key to understanding gene expression | globaly compares major catagories of proteins from conception to birth |
| Why is alternative splicing of the same mRNA transcript useful | it enables cell to make different versions of protein by adding or deleting parts |
| Why do we make more proteins than we have genes | 25,000 genes encode 100,000 mRNAs which makes more than a million proteins |
| How does gene expression change overtime | because not all genes are expressed at the same levels |
| How does hemoglobin change over a lifetime and why | oxygen concentration in body changes expression and changes on oxygen happen based on environmental factors |
| What are some uses of blood proteins | circulatind molecules for lipids, hormones and vitamins and regulates immune system |
| How does varying level of pdx-1 change pancreas cell development | it controls expression of other genes that stimulates some progenitor cells to divide. This affect insulin |
| Give three examples of how gene expression is controlled | regulatory proteins bind to DNA preventing RNA polymerase, altering splicing of exons, controlling access or effeciency of transport channels |
| What chemical triggers on DNA slow/speed transcription | proteins or amino acids |
| The most abundant type of DNA repeat sequence is called | transposon |
| this makes up a substantial % of all hemoglobin at birth | fetal hemoglobin |
| In humans there are many fewer genes that proteins produced this is primarily because of | alternative splicing |
| The liquid portion of the blood is called | plasma |
| Introns for one gene may contain | parts of another gene |
| The study of the collection of proteins produced ina particular cell | proteomics |
| LINEs and SINEs are related to | Transposons or transposable elements |
| What are added to histones during chromatin remodeling | acetyl, methyl and phosphate groups |
| What is NOT added to histones during chromatin remodeling | amino groups |
| Progenitor cells of the pancreas are stimulated to develop into exocrine cells by a transcriptional factor called | pdx-1 |
| Multiple proteins can be produced from a single gene by | alternative splicing |
| Chromatin remodeling is an example of | epigenetic change |
| repeated sequences in the human genome include | ribosomal RNA genes, LINEs and SINEs |
| these may be copies of genes no longer used and transcribed but not transluated | pseudogenes |
| The dicer enzyme acts upon | double stranded RNA |
| what does not affect gene expression at the transcription level | RNAi in the nucleus |
| Chain switching results in the replacement of gamma chains by ___ chains in adult hemoglobin | beta |
| which statement is not true about pancreatic hormones | the endocrine hormones are secreted from a single cell type |
| The pancreatic hormone responsible for stimulating cells to take up gluclose is | insulin |
| the histone code refers to how histones are | chemically modified |
| What mechanisms are used by cells to maximize protein coding content of genes | alternate splicing, using introns as coding sequences, cleavage of translated protein into 2 products |
| What is not an example of a repeated sequence | pseudogenes |
| the main limitation of a drug that treats disease by altering chromatin remodeling would be that | it would change the expression of many other genes |
| about what % of the human genome actually encodes proteins | 1.5 |
| An example of a post translational process is | cutting of a precursor protein to yield 2 or more final proteins |
| the relative abundance of different catagories of proteins from prenatal to birth to old age we see | the relative expression of transcription facotre decreases |
| Dentin is a complex mixture of extracellular proteins including | DPP, DSP and DSPP |
| A coding portion of a gene is an | exon |
| varying DBA sequences controlling transcription, varying # of copies of genes inherited, chromatin remodling and epigenetic influences like the histone code | varies widly how the gene will be expressed |
| The composition of human hemoglobin | always contains 2 copies of two different sub units |
| Small interfering RNAs are capable of | interferring with transcription |
| the enzyme dicer is responsible for | cutting double stranded RNA into short pieces |
| fetal hemoglobin carries ___% more oxygen than adult hemoglobin | 20-30% |
| genes for tRNA account for | 0.1% of the human genome |
| The human genome with 25,000 genes is capable of priducing how many different proteins | 200,000 |
| this term refers to genes that encode proteins that control lipid synthesis | lipidome |
| RNA interference is controlled by | SiRNAs and RNA complementary to mRNA |
| a feature of chromatin remodeling is | the modified state of chromatin can be passed on when DNA replicates |
| what are examples of non-coding RNA | pseudogenes, tRNA and rRNA |
| what is not a potential use of RNAi | altering chromatin remodeling to treat a dominant inherited condition |
| RNAi can be used to knock down | HIV mRNAs, making caffeinf into decaf coffee, overexpressed cancer genes, rapid aging syndrome genes |
| What is true about ALU repeats | there are as many as 500,000 per genome |
| The pancreatic hormone that stimulates production of gluclose is | glucagon |
| Processing of rRNA is conducted by | snoRNAs |
| Gluclose stimulates the release of the pancreatic hormone | insulin |
| Enzymes that remove acetyl from histone proteins can | shut off gene transcription |
| about how much of protein-coding genes in humans are regulated by microRNAs | 1/3 |
| the fact that modified state of chromatin can be passed on when DNA replicates is an example of | epigenetic inheritance |
| This is not an example of a repeating sequence | pseudogenes |
| some examples of repeating sequences are | telomeres, centromeres and transposons |
| The part of the human genome that does not encode protein includes | noncoding RNAs, introns and promoters |
| Which cell type in the pancreas is most specialized | mature exocrine cell |
| small organic chemical groups are added to histone proteins in order to control | transcription |
| During DNA repair photoreactivation or excision repair can unlink | pyrimidine dimers |
| A mutation that changes the 3rd position in a CUU codon to a C would | have no effect on the protein |
| What has the highest rate of spontaneous mutation | a virus |
| transposable elements | move |
| A mutagen is | an agent that causes mutation |
| the codon ofr leucine is CUC how many different bases could result from single base substitutions | 7 |
| Fatal familial insomnia is an example of a | prion disorder |
| what character of the genetic code lowers likelihood of mutation | synonymous codons |
| what diseases are associated with collogen related mutations | ehlers-danlos syndrome, aortic anureysim, osteogenesis imperfecta |
| the fact that myotonic dystrophy worsens with each generation is due to | an increasing number of repeated short DNA sequences |
| what type of mutation affects phenotype only under certain conditions | conditional |
| What is an example of a conditional mutation | variant of G6PD deficiency |
| Give an example of a transition mutation | A->G |
| a nonfunctional gene near a similar but functional gene is a | pseudogene |
| a point mutation that changes a codon specificing an amino acid to stop is | nonsense mutation |
| unltrviolet radiation damages DNA by causing extra | covalent bonds to form between adjacent pyrimidines |
| this type of mutation is intentionally caused and changes a gene in a desired way | site directed |
| a mutation causing abnormality in presenilin that disrupts amyloid production or function is associated with | alzheimers disease |
| which disorder does not involve faulty DNA repair | marfan syndrome |
| what is an example of a palindrome sequence | GATCCTAG |
| codons that specify the same amino acid are | synonymous |
| a spontaneous mutation usually originates as an error in | DNA replication |
| the best test of the mutagenic potential of a substance would be | the ames test |
| two healthy people have a child expressing a genetic condition caused by a dominant allele, what happened | the mutation arose spontaneously in the child |
| a point mutation that has no obvious effect on phenotype is | a silent mutation |
| beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease are both associated with mutations in the | globin gene |
| what is not a mutational hot spot | prion protein conformations |
| what are mutational hot spots | short relative sequences, palindromes, misalignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I |
| what is not a triplet repeat disorder | duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| this gene has a very high mutation rate arising in 40-100 of every million gamates | neurofibromatosis type 1 |
| Fragile X syndrome and huntingtons disease are examples of | expanding triplet repeats |
| what type of mutation substitutes one amino acid for another | missense |
| collagen is a major component of | connective tissue |
| individuals that develop numerous skin cancers when exposed to sunlight have | xeroderma pigmentosum |
| small additions and deletions of DNA bases are more likely to occur near | palindromes |
| estimates of spontaneous or de novo, mutation rates are made using dominant disorders because | they are often obvious in the phenotype |
| a frameshift mutation | introduces amnio acids not normally found |
| changing a codon from AGC to AGA represents a | missense |
| which of the following defects causes ataxia telangiectasis | deficency in kinase that controls the cell cycle |
| which is a source of radiation | sunlight, cosmic raysm radioactive material in earths crust |
| a point mutation that alters a codon and substitutes an amino acid with another is | missense |
| a mutation that changes a A to a G is an example of a | transition |
| what does a duplicate mutation look like | GTCCTTATTCA to GTCCTTATATTCA |
| this mutation occurs during DNA replication that precedes meiosis | germline |
| this mutation occurs during the DNA replication that preceeds mitosis | somatic |
| what disease is caused by an exon skipping in a gene encoding enzyme for survival of certain neurons | familial dysautonomia |
| what are some effects of a mutation | prevents protein from forming, lowers amount of protein and adds function to a protein |
| a crossover between a working gene and its pseudogene results in | a fusion gene (ie: gaucher disease) |
| these specifically describe cancer causing agents | carcinogens |
| type of DNA remodeling where enzymes cut between DNA sugar and base and snip out the mistake | excision repair |
| use of chemicals or radiation to remove a DNA base and replace it | induced mutation |
| a change in DNA sequence present in less than 1% of population | mutation |
| a protein that monitors repair of DNA and controls the repairing or destruction | P53 |
| chromosome breakage caused by factors like radiation that can't be repaired | repair disorders |
| what kind of mutations are not passed onto offspring | somatic |
| a self mending repair | excision repair |
| proofread and fixed repair | mismatch repair |
| what happens if DNA is not repaired | disorders can result |
| how does insertion and deletions change the amino acid sequence | the cause frameshifts |
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gimpykatk