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Midterm 3
Vertebrates, Invertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the biological form of an organism | antomy |
| the study of the biological functions an organism performs | physiology |
| the comparative study of animals reveals that ( ) and ( ) are closely related. | form and function |
| the ability for an animal to perform certain actions are ( ) ( ) and ( ) | shape, size, environment |
| reflects a different species adaptation to a similar environmental challenge | evolutionary convergence |
| impost constraints on an animals size and shape | physical laws |
| an animals shape and size directly affects how it exchanges.. | energy and materials with its surroundings |
| how does exchange of energy and materials occur in animals and their surroundings? | substances dissolved in aqueous medium diffuse and transport across plasma membrane |
| fills space btw cells and allows movement of material into and out of cells | interstitial fluid |
| helps an animal to maintain a stable internal environment | complex body plan (blood, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid) |
| closely joined cells, covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within body | epithelial tissue |
| how are epithelia cells named? | # of layers and shape of cell on apical or free surface |
| sparsely packed cells in and extracellular matrix that bind and support other tissues | connective tissue |
| a type of connective tissue that provides tensile strength and flexibility | collagenous fibers |
| a type of connective tissue that stretch and snap back to original length | elastic fibers |
| a type of connective tissue that joins it to adjacent tissues | reticular fibers |
| what are connective tissues made out of? | protein |
| cells that secrete protein of extracellular fibers and build connective tissue | fibroblasts |
| connective tissue cells that are involved in immune system | macrophages |
| connective tissue that is strong and flexible, serves as a support material (found in ears) | cartilage |
| where are fibrous connective tissues found? | tendons (attach muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones at joints) |
| connective tissue that stores fat | adipose tissue |
| tissue that consists of long cells that contract in response to nerve signals | muscle tissue |
| muscle tissue that is responsible for voluntary movement | skeletal muscle (vertebrates) |
| muscle tissue that is responsible for involuntary movement | smooth muscle (vertebrates) |
| muscle tissue responsible for contraction of the heart | cardiac muscles (vertebrates) |
| tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout animal | nervous tissues |
| found in nervous tissue; transmit nerve impulses | neurons |
| found in nervous tissue; nourish insulate and replenish neurons and modulate nueronal funtion | glial cells (outnumber neurons 10:1) |
| what two systems within a body deal with control and coordination? | endocrine and nervous |
| this system transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells through blood | endocrine system |
| this system transmits information depending on a SIGNALS PATHWAY | nervous system |
| how can nerve impulses be received? | neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells |
| how do animals manage their internal environment? | regulating or conforming to eternal environment |
| internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change | regulator |
| internal condition varies with external changes | conformer |
| a steady state or internal balance through regulatory mechanisms | homeostasis (body temp, blood pH, blood glucose) |
| how does homeostasis work? | there is a set point, and fluctuations serve as a stimulus which are then detected by a sensor and trigger a response |
| how is homeostasis maintained? | negative feedback, build up of end product shuts off system |
| blood clotting and birth are examples of | positive feedback |
| homeostasis adjusts to changes in external environment | acclimatization |
| process by which animals maintain an internal temperating within a tolerable range | thermoregulation |
| animals generate heat by metabolism (birds, mammals) | endothermic; tolerate greater variation in internal temp |
| animals gain heat from external sources (most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles) | ectothermic; active at greater range of external temp |
| body temperature varies along with environment | poikilotherm |
| what are the four physical processes animals exchange heat? | conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation |
| skin hair and nails make up this system, which are involved in heat regulation | integumentary system |
| thermoregulatory adaption in mammals and birds that reduce heat flow between itself & the environment | insulation |
| blood flow in skin increases increasing heat loss | vasolidation |
| blood flow in skin decreases lowering heat loss | vasoconstriction |
| important mechanism in reducing heat loss, exchanges transfer heat btw fluids flowing in opposite directions | countercurrent exchange |
| who uses behavioral responses to control temp? | endo and ectotherms |
| adjusting metabolic heat production? | ENDOthermic animals: adjust rate of metabolic heat which is increased by muscle activity LARGE ectotherms may shiver to increase temperature |
| ectotherms produce " " compounds to prevent ice formation in cells | anitfreeze |
| sharks and rays are characterized by | a cartilaginous endoskeleton |
| the first tetrapods and a group dependent on water are | amphibia |
| the first amniotes with their extraembryonic membranes are | reptilia |
| pneumatized long bones and a high performance 2-cycle lung ventilation system are | aves |
| the most biologically differentiated group in animal kingdom, 3 middle ear bones and a lower jaw bone that consists of only dentary is | mammalia |
| the signaling system in which signal molecules are released into the blood stream | endocrine |
| the common earthworm has a few segments modified as ( ) a secretory region that functions in reproduction | clitellum |
| elphantatis and trichinosis are parasitic diseases of man cased by different members of which taxon? | nematoda |
| which component of the insect body best illustrates tagmosis - the fusion of somites in a segmented animal | the head |
| the fangs of spiders are the first of 6 pairs of appendages of the prosoma, placing them in the group | chelicerata |
| these common uniramian invertebrates have a calcified exoskeleton and two pairs of legs on each trunk segment | insecta |
| what made clade do the insects belong to? | ecdysozoa (ectosys - molting) |
| which of the following groups does not show holometabouls development | odonata |
| biramous appendages, two pairs of antennae, and nauplius larva are characteristics of which group of anthroprods? | crustacea |
| a water vascular system and an endoskeleton of calcareous plates are distinguishing features of which group of invertabrates? | echinoderms |
| which chordate characteristics functioned as a flexible but not compressible stiffening rod for early chordates? | notochord |
| which of is a synapomorphy for vertebrates but not for chordates? | cranium |
| which organism is most likely to best represent the common ancestor of chordates? | cephalochordate |
| all of the four characteristics are present in the tadpole larva of this organism, but three are lost in subsequent development to the adult morphology | sea squirt |
| paedomorphis is the attainment of reproductive maturity in what was the larval stage of the ancestor. it is the major component of one hypothesis for the evolution of? | chordates from echinoderms |
| what animals are diploblastic? 2 germ layers (ecto & endo) | cndidarians |
| what animals are triploblastic? (3 germ lays, ecto endo & meso) | all bilaterally symmetrical animals |
| what animals are acoelmates? | planarians, platyhelminthes |
| what animals are pseudocoelmates? | nematoda, rotifera |
| what animals experience deutersome development? (radial cleavage, blastospore develops into anus) | echinoderms and chordates |
| protosome development has what kind of cleavage? | spiral |
| body plate that covers gills and increases gas exchange | operculum |
| flatworms that cause disease | trematoda |
| cnidarians sexual reproduction takes place in this stage | medusa |
| jellies, corals, and hydras belong to this phylum? | cnidarians |
| sponges that lack true tissue, organs, and a body cavity belong to this phylum? | porifera |
| sponges use this unique cells to draw in H20 and food | chaonocytes (collar cells) |
| cnidarians have this type of symmetry? | radial |
| the stinging thread used to capture prey in cnidarians? | cnidocytes capture prey, nematocysts are the stinging thread |
| cnidarians that are mostly marine, alternate between polyp and medusa stage | hydrazoans |
| cnidarians that are all marine and are only medusa | scophozoans (jellies) |
| box jellies that are highly toxic | cubozoans |
| "flower animals" that are all marine and strictly polyps | anthozoa |
| this clade has the widest range for animal body forms | lophotrochzoa (bilateral) |
| marine and fresh water flatworms belong to this phylum? | platyheminthes |
| this phylum has gas exchange through protonephridia | platyheminthes |
| platyheminthes have what type of body plan? | tripoblastic, acoelomates, flattened dorsally, bilateral |
| planarians belong to which class and phylum? | tubellaria, platyhelminthes |
| these invertebrates have eyespots and nerve nets | planarians |
| class of parasites of humans that spend part of their life in snails, they have an alternating life cycle | trematodes (platyhelminthes) |
| this class contains parasites in the guts of hosts with no mouth or digestive system | cestoda |
| tapeworms belong to what class? | cestoda |
| this animal class has a scolex, neck, and sacs of sex organs known ans proglottids | cestoda |
| this phylum is mostly freshwater, and has an alimentary canal with seperate mouth and anus and a digestive tube | rotifera |
| pathogenisis is common among this phylum | rotifera |
| snails, slugs, bivalves, squids, and octopuses belong to this phylum | mollusca |
| ( ) are bilateral, coelmates, UNSEGMENTED , and triploblastic | molluscas |
| molluscs have four qualities, what are they and what do they do? | foot - locomotion visceral mass - internal organs mantle - drapes over internal organs and secretes shell radula - scrapes food |
| animals with a shell containing 8 plates belongs to which class | polyplacophora (chitins) -- phylum mollusca |
| snails and slugs belong to which class? | gastropoda |
| this class expresses torison : anus & mantle is above the head | gastropoda |
| clams oysters and mussels belong to this class? | bivalvia |
| molluscs with no head/radula that are suspension feeders and usually have two shells (valves) | bivalvia |
| octopuses, squids. . belong to this class? | cephalopoda |
| the muscular funnel of squids that push water out | siphon |
| elaborate nervous system, elaborate sensory systems, and a reduced/missing shell are qualities of which molluscan class? | cephalopodas |
| segmented/bristled worms describe which phylum? | annelida |
| a complete digestive system, closed circulatory system, and a well developed nervous system describes which phlyum of lophotrochozoans? | annelida |
| unique to this phlyum of lophotrochozoans are a double ventral nerve cord, gangilia, and setae bundles | annelida |
| sand and tube worms belong to this class | polychaeta |
| unsegmented appendages called parapodia that are "ringlike" and function in movement describe the annelida class | polychaeta |
| earthworms and FW worms belong to this class | oligochaeta |
| modified segments of citellum that function in reproduction are unique characteriscts of which annelida class? | oligochaeta |
| leeches that are FW & marine belong to what class and phylum? | hirundinea, annelida |
| a reduced coelm and segments hidden by superficial rings describe which annelida class? | hirundinea |
| this is the most species rich group | ecdysozoa |
| process of molting of a cuticle | endcysis |
| these are unsegmented, parasitic round worms found everywhere | nematodes |
| a complete gut, and made of only longitudinal muscles allowing the worm to only move in a thrashing motion describe what phylum? | nematoda |
| scorpions, spiders, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters belong to which phylum? | anthropoda |
| the most diverse phylum | anthropoda |
| these are segmented, heomcoelomates | anthropoda |
| compound eyes, a complete gut, open circulatory system, and a nervous system similar to annelids are what phlyum? | anthropoda |
| these are fossils with 3 tagmata - thorax, head, and pygidum | trilobites |
| horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks belong to what class? | chelicerata |
| this class has 2 main regions, the prosoma bears 6 segments, and has unique external digestion | chelicerata |
| myriapods and insects belong to this subphylum to annelida? | uniramia |
| this class of uniramia are agile carnivores (centipedes) whos first body segment forms poisonous claws | chilopoda |
| this class of uniramia are herbivores (milipedes), with a hardened cuticle and posionous secretions | dilopoda |
| (3 tagmata) 1 pair of complex eyes and 3 simple eyes (head), a pair of legs and bears (thorax), and up to 11 segments in the (adomen) describes which class of anthropodas? | insecta |
| wings are formed by ( ) and made up of ( ) | epidermis, cuticle |
| insects have adapted to air breathing through the use of ( ) | trachael gas exchange |
| this class undergoes metamorphis, with stages called instars | insecta |
| simple hemimetabolous | nymphs of insecta are similar to adults and wings develop as buds |
| complete holometaolous | laravae of insecta differ from adult, pupal stage follows molt and wings appear in adult |
| this class includes lobsters, crayfishes, shrimps, crabs, and kreil | crustacea |
| animals within this class have a five segmented head, and a fused throax section that makes cephatorax | crustacea |
| the only invertebrates to have duertosome development | echinodermata |
| starfish, sea urchins, sea lillies that are nearly all marine belong to what phlyum? | echinodermata |
| radial symmetry as and adult and bilateral as a larva are characteristics of what phylum | echinodermata |
| a hyrdaulic vascular system and an endoskeleton of calcareous plates describes which duertosome phlyum? | echinodermata |
| multiple arms and a central disk describe which class of echindermata? | sea stars |
| no arms, a spherical shape and jawlike structure describe which class of echindermata? | sea urchins |
| feathered arms, suspension feeding, and an upward mouth describe which class of echindermata? | sea lillies |
| five rows of tube feet and no spines describe which class of echindermata? | sea cucumber |
| a flexible non compressible, bendable, rod like structure | notochord |
| elaborated to form the brain, formed by infolding of ectodermal cells | dorsal tubular nerve cord |
| what stage are the four chordate characterists present? | neurla (pharyngula, phylotopic) |
| slit-like openings that lead from the pharyngeal cavity to the outside | pharyngeal pouches (slits) |
| replaces celia. somatic musculature and stiffening notochord allowing for free swimming existence at larger-than-microscopic body sizes | postanal tail |
| a vertebrate trait that are seperate bones of cartilage blocks, "backbone" | verterbral column |
| encases brane, supports sensory organs | cranium |
| a possible fourth germ layer in vertebrates consisting of neurodermal cells | neural crest cells |
| contains all four chordate characteristics and some vertebral within the cordata phylum (lancelots) | cephalochordata |
| sea squirts belong to which subphlyum of cephalochordatas | tunicata |
| subphylum lampreys (jawless fishes), hagfish, gnatostomes | craniata |
| lamprey belong to which class? | agnatha |
| the first vertebrates with bones belong to which class? | agnatha |
| extint agnatha? living agnatha? | ostracoderms, cytostomes |
| sharks and rays belong to which class? | chondrichthyes |
| bones are absent in this class, teeth are modified placoid scales, bear a small number of large young | chondrichthyes |
| this class contains half of all vertebrates - bony fish | osteichthyes |
| a modification of the lung in osteichythes (bony fish) | gas filled swim bladder |
| thin flexible scales and diverse feeding structures describe what class of vertebrates? | osteichthyes (bony fish) |
| subclass of rayfinned fishes | actinoptergii |
| muscles and skeleton are inside body wall, and gill archers into pharyngeal jaws | actinoptergii (rayfinned) |
| subclass of fleshy finned fishes | sarcoptergii |
| muscles and skeleton of fin are inside limbs of this vertebral subclass | sarcoptergii (8 species lungfishes & coelacanths) |
| this class has FW aquatic larva and terrestial adults (frogs, toads, salamanaders, caecelians) | amphibians |
| elaborated lungs and skin for gas exchange, double circulation, and a three chambered heart describes which vertebral class? | amphibians |
| this vertebral class has ears with tympanic membranic and stapes | amphibians |
| "smooth amphibians" | lissamphibia |
| salamander order frogs/toads order caecelans order | urodela anura gymnophiona |
| this class includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, legless amphibians and dinosaurs | reptilia |
| this vertebral class has powerful jaw closure | reptilia |
| reptiles have 4 adaptations to terrestrial life.. what are they? | shelled, embryonic, amniotic membraned egg tough, dry, keratinned skin internal respiration uric acid for nitrogenous waste excretion |
| birds belong to which class? | aves |
| a four chambered heart, endothermy, and high activity levels describe which vertebral class? | aves |
| feathers composed of keratin, scales on legs, hollow bones, and powered flight | aves |
| why have no birds given birth to living young | vivparity has evolved somewhere else |
| the most biologically differentiated group | mammilia |
| soft tissue, dentary lower jaw, 3 middle ear bones, and joints btw lower jaw and skull describe the class | mammilia |
| this subclass of mammals are known as "wild animals" | prototheria |
| this subclass describes true and after "wild animals" | thoria |
| marsipuals are subclass | thoria: metatheria |
| placental animals are subclass | thoria: eutheria |
| closest relative of vertebrates | cephalochordata |
| lancelets belong to genus | branchiostoma "amphioxus" |
| Garstangs thought of paedomorphosis attainment of reproduction maturity in what is the larval stage of ancestor gives rise to the idea that | chordates evolved as elaboration of larval stage of echinoderm-like ancestor |
| vertebrate upper and lower jaws are homologous to the. . | upper and lower lips of the lamprey |
| lampreys, hagfish (not vertebrates) | class agnatha |
| a large predatory placoderm fish | dunkleosteus |
| male chondrichthyes have pelvic fins modified as. . | claspers |
| the electric ray, a modified muscle (class chondrichthyes) | torpedo |
| subclass of osteichthyes 96% of living fish, largest sub group called teleosts ("perfect bone") | actinoptergii |
| mammal like reptile | therapsid |
| sail-backed reptile | pelycosaur |
| gas exchange surfaces in aves | parabronchi |
| outermost ear bone derived from articular/therapsid reptile skull of mammals | malleus |
| middle ear bone evolved from quadrate of terapsid reptile skull | incus |
| innermost ear bone present in therpsid reptile skull | sapes |
| mammals evolved from. . | synapsid raptiles (mammal-like) |
| (Insecta) Order: Beetles | Coleoptera |
| (Insecta) Order: Flies | Diptera |
| (Insecta) Order: Butterflies/moths | Lepidoptera |
| (Insecta) Order:Bees, wasps, ants | Hymenoptera |
| (Insecta) Order: True bugs, bed bugs, leafhoppers | Hemiptera |
| (Insecta) Order: Grasshoppers, crickets, roaches | Orthoptera |
| (Insecta) Order: Dragonflies | Odonata |
| (Insecta) Order: Termites | Isoptera |
| (Insecta) Order: Fleas | Siphonaptera |
| nerve impulses can be received by. . | neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells |
| insects mainting a high temperature in the thorax to support their flight muscles because they are. . | endothermic |
| invertebrates have ( ) that minimize or maximize the absorption of solar heat | postures |
Created by:
ohktina