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AP Geo Final Test
May Ap Geography Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Changing Attributes of a place | built landscape, sequent occupance |
| cultural landscape | the visible human imprint on landscape ex:how we bury the dead -above(water,flooding-raises the coffins up after buried and the coffins could open causing health hazards ex:new orleans(early european settlers discovered this) ground or underground |
| density | arithmetic and physiological |
| arithmetic density formula | total # of people/area of land in mi squared or km squared |
| physiological density formula | the total population/ the amount of arable land |
| diffusion | the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another time |
| hearth | a type of diffusion. the region from which innovative(starting something new, new ideas, advanced) originate |
| relocation | a type of diffusion. resettlement/moving |
| expansion | a type of diffusion. the act of increasing |
| hierarchical diffusion | a type of diffusion(obviously). the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| contagious diffusion | a type of diffusion. the rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| stimulus diffusion | a type of diffusion. the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| relative location | a position on earths surface relative to other features. descirbed by land marks |
| absolute location | the exact position of a place on earth |
| distribution | the arrangment of something across earths surface |
| environmental determinisim | a 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activites |
| absolute distance | the exact meausurement of the physical space between two places |
| relative distance | approximate meausurment of the physical space between two places |
| site | the physical character of a place |
| site factors | location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant such as land, labor, and capital, dominant religions, description of terrian, cultural characteristics |
| situation | the location of a place relative to the physical and cultural characteristics around it |
| situation factors | location factors related to te transportation of materials into and from a factory |
| place name | the name of a place. location factor |
| possiblisim | the theory that the physcial environment may set limits on human actions but people have the ability to adjust to the physcial environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
| spatial | of or pertaining to space |
| distance decay | the interaction between to places declines as the distance between the 2 places increase |
| space time compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distance place as a result of improved communications and transportaion systems |
| Geographic Information System | GIS. captures, stores, manages, analyzes, and presents data that are linked to that location |
| Geographic Positioning System | GPS. a system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satelites tracking stations and receivers |
| Prime Meridian | line of longitude running through greenwich,england |
| thematic map | map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region,nation , or continent |
| statistical map | map that is colored according to numbers(percents,etc) ex: obesity in the world america 75 or so percent |
| dot map | a map showing dots that represent the frequency of a variable in a given area ex:#of college graduates |
| cholorpeth map | a map showing the distribution of a phenomenon, usually using various colors; color gradations are correlated to the density per unit area of the phenomenon |
| isoline map | map made up of continuous lines joining points of the same valueex:elevation |
| projection | the system used to transfer locations from earths surface toa flat map |
| remote sensing | the acquistion of data about earths surface from a satillite orbiting the planet or other long distance methods |
| agricultural density | the ratio of the number of farmerss to domesticated plants and animals that no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
| in the primary sectory, what are basic activities | uses the resoureces from the eath |
| in the secondary sectory, what are basic activities | uses materials from primary activites to manufacutre a prodcut for purchase |
| in the tertiary sectory, what are basic activities | sell the prodcuts from the secondary sector and procide services |
| name 3 services that the tertiary sector provides | janitor, doctor, waiter/waitress |
| name 4 keys to a sucessful economic development | 1.environmental friendly activities 2. political support (w/o it cant pass land laws) 3. social acceptance 4. economic support base |
| basic inustries | focal point of economic activity |
| nonbassic industries | 2nd buisiness that sprout up after the city has already established its basic industries |
| multiplier effect | expansion of economic base of a city |
| variable success | fluctuate on the amount of the order |
| fixed costs | cant change (sewer, natural gas, water) |
| agglomeration | the centralization of features in an industry for the mutual benefit of the industry as a whole |
| maquiladras | industrial plants located in mexico that produce goods relativley inexpensive labor and then sell the products to the US for more profit than if the products were amnufactured in US |
| transitional corporations | large companies that have offices or divisions around the world |
| outsourcing | moving jobs to LDCs countries because they can pay pennies on the dollar |
| Foot lose industry | company with no allegiance or ties to a country/location. diamonds internation division of labor company can specilize their production ex:henry ford |
| ubiutous | product is available anytime any place |
| labor intensice | requires lots of labor Ex: clothing in foreign countries |
| human migration | movement of people from one place to another for the pupose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence usually across a political boundary |
| intercontinental migration | between continents |
| intracontinental migration | between countrys with the same continent |
| interregional migration | within countries |
| rural to urban migration | country to city |
| internal migration | moving to a new home within a state country or continent |
| external migration | mobing to a new home in a different state country or continent |
| emigration | leaving/exiting one country to move to another |
| immigration | moving into a new countinty |
| population transfer | when gov. forces a large group of people out of a region usually based on ethnicity or religion ex:mormons forced out of mississippi |
| impelled migration | (reluctant or imposed) individualls are not foced out of their country but leave because of unfavorable situation such as war, political, or religions |
| step migration | a series of shorter, less extreme migration from a persons place of origin of final destination( moving from farm, to biliage, to town, to city) |
| chain migration | a series of migrations within a family of defined group of people (usually begins with one family member sending money to bring others to a new location) ex: pioneers (this often leads to migrations fields. ) |
| migrations fields | the clustering of people from a specific region into a certain neighborhood or small town |
| return migration | voluntary movement of immigrants back to place of origin (circular) ex:war torn country |
| seasonal migration | moving for a period of time in response to labor or climat conditions |
| refugee | a person residing outside the country of his orgin due to fear of persecution |
| internally displaced person | IDP. a person who is forced to leave their home region due to unfavorable conditions (political, social, environment) but does not cross boundaries |
| migration stream | a group migration from a paticular country, region or city to a certian destination ex:china town |
| sequent occupance | layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that reflects years of differing human activity |
| equal area projection | tries to show the true area |
| robinson projection | good distance. slight distortion of all properties though. |
| mercator projection | time zones |
| small scale means _ area | large |
| big scale means _ area | small |
| township and range system | west of appalachian mnts public education-1square, layers of GIS, put things on top of each other-rd maps |
| name the 3 types of regions | formal and functional and perceptual |
| formal region | city boundaries, definite. things defined by ordinances/laws. a region with common cultural or physical features |
| functional regions | (nodal region.(node-originating point) newspaper route, crossing borders, cellphone service. places linked together by a functions influence on them. ex:disease in a region,pizza routes, etc |
| vernacula/perceptual region | determined by people beliefs. like where the "cool kids sit at lunch" determined by who is cool and who is not cool-could be debated by any other person in the room. another example in the south in the usa. people differ in their perceptions of the south |
| a scale is _ to _ | local to global |
| space | distribution of features |
| geology | study of the earths physical structure and history |
| core of the earth | the earths center, very hot metal |
| mantle of earth | thick layer of rock |
| magma of earth | melted rock |
| crust of earth | the rocky surface layer |
| how much of earth is water | 70% |
| relief | the diff in evevation between highest and lowest points |
| mountians | high relief 2,000 ft |
| hills | generally less steep and more rounded |
| plateu | raised flat, level area |
| plain | flat or gently rolling area |
| plate techectonics | theory that the earths masses move |
| continential drift theory | idea that the earth was once a single land mass that began to breack up |
| rift valley | a large split along the crest of the mnts |
| sea floor spreading | theory that molten rock rises under mid oceanic ridge, breaks through the rift then spreads in both directions |
| spreading zone | 2 plates more and spread apart from each other creating a crack/rift |
| fault | plates grind against eacth other |
| fold | when rock layers bend and buckle |
| do LDC's or MDCs develop more rapidly | LDC's |
| Most of a LDCs product is _ | farming |
| name the regions that are considered MDCs | anglo america, western europe, eastern Europe, Japan, South pacific |
| name the regions that are considered LDCs | latin amerca, middle east, east asia, south asia, sub saharan africa, south east asia |
| is china a mdc or a ldc and why | ldc. because of their population |
| infanticide | choosing male children over female |
| neocolonialisim | a relationship of economic dependence where a former colony relies on its former colonizer for economic success through continual trade of colonial products ex:America |
| human geography | the study of how people make places how we organize space and society how we interact with eachother in places and across space and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locability region and world |
| glabalization | a set of processes that are 1.increasing interactions deepening relationships heightens interdependence doesnt care about country borders out comes are unevenly distributed differently manifested |
| name the 5 themes of geography | location, human environment, region, place, movement |
| sense of place | infusing a place with meaning and emotion (your experience |
| perception of place | belief of understand of what a place is like often based on books, movies, stories, pictures (not your experience) |
| spatial internaction | the interconnectedness between places depends on 1. distance 2. accessibility 3. connectivity |
| development implies _; progress means _ | progress, progress, improvment |
| how can a country improve? | technology, production, social and economic factors |
| how do you meausure development | economic,social, demographic indicators |
| what are the economic indicators | GDP GNP GNI |
| GDP | (Gross domestic product)-produced within that country |
| GNP | Gross National Product)-produced out of country and in ex:At&t |
| GNI | gross national income)-calculates monetary worth of what is produced w/i country plus income recieved from investments outside of country |
| what is the best economic indicator | GDP |
| what brings the GNI down? | population |
| technology indicators | high % of workers in food prodcution signals an overall low development high % of workers involved involved in high tech industries and service signals a high level of development |
| about how much of the available land do we actually live on? and why? | 50% because we dont live on antartica or mountian regions, or extreme deserts |
| what is the population of earth | 6 3/4 billion |
| where is most of earths population concetrated? | in LDC's |
| overpopulation | when an areas populatino exceeds the capacity of the environment to support it in an acceptable standard living |
| threats of overpopulation | pollution long diease uneducated population |
| is the world overpopulated? | in some areas but also under populated in others |
| social indicators | literacy rate and amount of education |
| demographic indicators | life expectancy |
| what do you need on a map? | TODAL SIG T- title O-orientation D-date A-author L-legend S-scale I-index G-grid |
| Seasons in the Northern Hemishere. Spring equinox happens when and how long are the days and nights, where does the sun hit the earth? | march 21, hits equator, 12 hr day, 12 hr night |
| Seasons in the Northern Hemishere. Winter solstice happens when and how long are the days and nights, where does the sun hit the earth? | dec 21, hits tropic of capricorn, longest night |
| Seasons in the Northern Hemishere. Fall equinox happens when and how long are the days and nights, where does the sun hit the earth? | september 21, hits equator, equal day and night |
| Seasons in the Northern Hemishere. Summer solstice happens when, where does the sun hit the earth? | june 21, hits tropic of cancer |
| latitude | runs east and west, meausres distances north and sourth, 0 degrees latitude is starting point, 90 degrees north or south is as far as latidue goes |
| equator | equal, in the middle |
| longitude | runs north and south, meausures distances east and west, coverge at poles, 0 degrees is starting point called prime meridian (the prime meridian runs through greenwich,england),180 degrees is stopping point called international date line |
| international date line | changes time and date, goes around countries so they arent on different days on same country |
| global grid | longitude and latitude lines combined |
| worlds adress system | 0 degrees 0 minutes 1 seconds |
| spatial perspective | that is the outlook through which geographers identify, explain, and predict the human and physical patterns in space (on earth) and the interconnectedness of differenct space |
| regions | spatial units that share similar characteristics |
| name the 3 types of regions | formal, functional, perceptual |
| place | combination of physical and human attributes |
| what 2 factors affect population growth rates? | CBR and CDR |
| define crude as used in geography | concered with society as a whole rather than a refined look at particular individuals |
| CBR | crude birth rate. total number of live births for every 1000 people alive in society |
| CDR | crude death rate. total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society |
| NIR | Natural increase rate.percentage by which a population grows in a year |
| doubling time | # of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
| where is NIR growth clustered at | LDCs africa, asia, latin america, middle east |
| TFR | total fertility . average number of children per woman that the woman will have in her child bearing years |
| IMR | annual number of deaths of infants under one ear of age compared with total live births |
| why is USA IMR lower than other countries | it suffers from a higher infant mortality rate because many poor people can not aford health car in america |
| life expectancy | the average number of years a new born can live at current mortality levels |
| agricultural revolution | time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied totally on hunting and gatherin |
| industrial revolution | conjunction of major improvment in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delieverying them to the market |
| medical revolution | medical technology invented in europe and north america that is diffued to the poorer countries of latin america, asia, africa. improved miedical practices and eliminated traditional causes of death and enabled people to live longer |
| whats the universal time | greenwich england mean time (GMT) because time zones revolve around the prime meridian (prime meridian runs through greenwich) |
| how many time zones | 24 with a 15 degree longitude space |
| if you move either 15 degrees east of the GMT then how far ahead/behind would you be? if you moved 15 degrees west of GMT then how far ahead/behind would you be? | 1 hour ahead, 1 hour behind |
| china falls into 3 standard time zones, why does it only have 1 time zone? | chinesse gov thought that the 1 time zone would help unify its vast country |
| human environment interaction is also referred to as____ | cultural ecology |
| location | where something is on earth and the effects that position has on human life. aboslute or relative |
| human environment interaction | the effect human activities have on the environment and how environmental changes effect human life. analyze positive and negative effects |
| region | spatial units that share some similar characteristics |
| place | religion, language, politics, climate, terrain, natural rescources. |
| movement | movement occuring in a space. movement of people, info, goods, etc. how places interact with each other through movement(spatial interaction) |
| friction of distance | degree to which distance interfers with interaction |
| cartography | process of mapmaking |
| simplification | when cartographer gets rid of unneccesary details and focuses on the info needing to be displayed on map |
| 4 properties of maps | shape, size(area), distance, direction |
| shape of a map refers to | geometric shapes of the objects on the map |
| size(area) of a map refers to | relative amount of space taken up on the map by the landforms or objects on the map |
| distance of a map refers to | the represented distance between objects on the map |
| direction of a map refers to | degree of accuracy representing the cardinal directions (n,s,e,w) and their intermediate diections (nw, se...) |
| cardinal directions | north south east and west |
| intermediate directions | south east, north east, north west, south east, etc |
| relative directions | right, left, up, down, less accurate. dont use. |
| equal area projections | maps that maintain area but distort other properties |
| conformal projections | maps that maintain shape but distort other properties ex:mercator |
| azimuthal projections | maps that maintain directions but distort otehr properties |
| equidistant projections | maps that maintain distancce but distort other properties |
| gall-peter projection | show relative sizes of earth continents accuratley (equal area) (not conformal-distorts shape) |
| proportional symbol map | uses some symbol (circle, square, etc) to displacy frequency of a variable |
| name the 4 thematic maps | isoline, choropleth, proportional symbol, dot |
| anglocentric | focused on english culture |
| cognitice(or mental) map | map drawn from memory |
| data aggregation | size of geographic units being represented on a map |
| reference map | map showing common features like boundaries, roads, etc. |
| in 365 1/4 days the earth completes 1 ___ | revolution |
| how long does it take for the earth to complete 1 complete rotation | 24 hours |
| shatter belts | countries or areas existing in the fall out range of larger competing countries |
| demography | study of human populations |
| infrastructures | support systems (housin, food supplies, education, health care) |
| scale of inquiry | size of a geographic investigation (global, regional, local) |
| what percent of earth population live in LDCs | 81% |
| nearly 1 of 2 people are a. asian b.american c. european d.african | asian |
| about 3 of ever 5 people live in either _ or _ | asia or europe |
| where is the largest concentration of people? | east asia(china, japan, taiwan, n and s korea) |
| where does most of chinas population live and why? | near the yellow river. has made the land arable(good for growing crops) |
| most east asians and south asians are _ farmers | subsistence |
| where is the second largest concentration of humans? | south asia (inda, bangladesh, sri lanka, pakistan) |
| where do most of indias population live? why? | arable land surronding indus and ganges rivers |
| europe has the highest % of urban dwellers but india has the largest # of urban dwellers why? | population |
| how has japan increased its carrying capacity | developing extensive trade relationships with other countries so japan could import food in exchange for trading technology. |
| how can a country increase its carrying capacity | improbed farming practices and economic development |
| cohort (in a population pyramid) | a group of people of the same age |
| graying population | population that has more middle aged and older people than younger people |
| first agriculture revolution | occured 10-12 thousand years ago when human first developed the ability to remain in a settlement and domesticate crops and animals. led to development of cities |
| industrial revolution | began in england around the 1700s and later difused eastward direction throughout europe and then usa.saw the development of factory based economies and urban migration at a large scale.coincied with the second agricultural revolution and high birth rates |
| second industrial revolution | around the 1700s. coincided with the industrial revolution in england and a higher population growth rate, and saw the development of improved saniataion, storage, and fertilization techniques allowing for greater food output |
| thomas malthus | wrote in 1798 "an essay on the principle of population" and predicted that the worlds population growth would soon outpace its carrying capacity |
| karl marx | principla critic of malthusian theory who argued that overpopulation was the fault of unchecked capitalism and unequal distribution of resources, leaving some places unable to care for their populations |
| ester boserup | principal critic of malthusian theory who argued that overpoulation could be solved by increasing the number of subsitstence farmers |
| neomalthusians | contemporary believers in malthus's original ideas. they call for sustainable population growth to be achieved through birth control teaching and regional attention to birth patterns |
| when did earths population reach 1 billion? | 1820's |
| united nations growth scenarios | predictions by the united nations that yield high,medium,and low population growth forecasts for the earths future |
| pandemic | disease spread acutley over a large area or world wide |
| epidemic | disease spread acutley over a localized area |
| epicenter | center or most intensely affected region, of an outbreak or disaster |
| fecundity | ability of a woman to conceive. usually the ages of 15-45 |
| GFR | general fertility rate. the # of births per 1,000 women in the fecund years |
| doubling time | the # of years it will take a population to double in its size |
| replacement level fertility | when the number of births equals the number of deaths. usually reached at a TFR between 2.1 and 2.5 |
| ZPG | zero population growth. occurs when births equal deaths leading to a stationary population level |
| pronatalist population policy | expansice policy that encourages more live birth in a population |
| eugenic population policy | policy that encourages some groups of people to have babies and discriminates against other groups, discouraging their reproduction ex:hitler |
| antinatalist population policy | restrictive policy that discourages people from having babies |
| describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model | Low growth.high stationary stage. high CBR and CDR, leading to low RNI. fluctuation in CBR and CDR because of disease, famine, and war. |
| describe stage 2 of the DMT | high growth (expanding stage)high CBR(Kids needed on farms). declining CDR(new health care systems are getting better-new medicines). RNI increases |
| describe stage 3 of the DMT | Moderate growth(expanding stage) declining CBR(more urban dweller, women dont want kids, kids are expensive in cities) RNI is decreasing but is greater than zero |
| decribe stage 4 of the DMT | low growth (low staionary stage) CBR and CDR meet at equal levels. but they are both at very low levels.RNI is low. modern society with zero population growth. |
| describe the possible stage 5 of the DMT | continued decline in CBR. Graying population. ex:france and germany |
| demographic/hidden momentum | phenomenon of a growing population size even after replacement level fertility has bee reached. this occurs when the base of the population pyramid is so wide that the generation of parents will take time to cycle out before zero growth occurs |
| medical revolution | period in stage 2 of the DMT when life saving medical technology drastically reduces the CDR leading to longer life expectancies and higher rates of natural increase |
| epidemiologic transition model | focus on the causes of death in each of the stages of the DMT. (1-black plague 2-cholera) the 5th stage in this model could be/is the reemmergence of infections and parasitic diseases that were once though to be eradicated during stage 3 ex:smallpox |
| migration stream | pathway from a place of orgin to a destination |
| place desirability | degree of attactiveness of a place to a migrant |
| net in-migration | occurs whe nthe number of immigratnts is larger than the number of emigratns |
| net out-migration | occurs when the nubmer of emmigrants is larger than the number of immigrants |
| migration counterstreams | in a migration stream migrants are moving from a place of origin to a destination. when the original flow of migratns produces an oppostie flow of returning migratnts a counterstream results |
| voluntary migration | move made by migratn because he/she wants to move |
| involuntary/forced migration | migrants are pushed from their land |
| whats the larges forced migration? | North Atlantic slave trade. forced nearly 30 million africans from their homes to migrate to the americas. |
| international refugees | flee their country and move to another country |
| intranational refugees | abandon homes but remain in their country to escape persecution |
| name the 2 countries in africa where people are fleeing from in response to tribal or ethnic conflicts | rwanda and congo |
| what percent of the world's people have migrated from their countries of origin | 3% |
| describe the 1st immigration wave of the USA | 1607-1776. europe and africa were the primary sources of migrants(both voluntary and involuntary) europeans escaping politaccla and religios persecution. |
| describe the 2nd immigration wave of the USA | 19th century. 1840s and 1850s. most immigrants were from england before 1840. then in 1840 massive numbers of irish and german immigrants came. more than 4.2 million migrated in 1840-1850. 1907 main immigrant sources were italy,austria-hungary,and russia |
| describe the 3rd immigration wave of the USA | after wwII immigration picked up again. 1970s asia was the leading source.1980s latin america was the biggest source. |
| remittance | sum of money sent by a migratn to his or her family back home |
| guest worker | migrant who is temporarily permitted to stay in a coutry only to work |
| US quota act of 1921 | immigration legislation that limited the number of people from any one country and discriminated against asians and favored european migrants |
| when was the great migration in the USA | while the nation was fighting WWI |
| rustbelt | decay of the once bustling factory based economy regions of the northeastern united states |
| sunbelt | growth of the economy in the sunny regions of the southern united states that developed as the dominance of the factory based economy in the northeaster united states decreased |
| list 2 migrations after WWII (not USA) | jewish immigrants to israel from countries all over the world,from germany and russia emigration by E germans to other countries during transition to soviet control from asia to US sources-philipines,vietnam,india gtom N africa and turkey to Europe |
| migration selectivity | cominbination of factors that predict a persons likelihood to migrate based on factors like age gender and education |
| brain drain | net-out migration of the most educated individuals from a region |
| gravity model | estimates spatial interaction and movement between two places. larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places. destinations that are farther away wont attract as much as those destinations that are closer. Doesnt factor migration selectivity |
| activity space | area in which you travel on a daily basis |
| cyclic movement | is mobement during your daily routine from your home and back. commuting is a form of cyclic movement |
| seasonal movement | from of cyclic mobement that involves leaving your home region for a short time in response to a change in season. leaving new england and going to florida for the winter in an example. Nomadism is another example |
| periodic movement | involves longer periods of stay as for serving in the military or attending college |
| transhumance | pastoral farming practice of moving animals from hillside to pastures, is periodic, seasonal movement. |
| Ravensteins Migration "laws" (name the first 3) | 1.the majority of migrants travel short distances-step migration2.migrants who are traveling a long way tend to move to larger cities than smaller ones3.rural residents are more likely to migrate than are urban residents |
| Ravensteins Migration "laws" (name the last 2) | 4 families are less likely to migrate across national borders than are young adults 5. every migration stream creates a counterstream |
| chain migration | when migrants move to a new place based on information they received from family or community members who made the same jorney earlier |
| Model of Migration Transition | migration follows DTM. people become more mobile as industrialization develops. International migration is seen in S2 when searching for more oppurtunities. in S3 and 4 search for more space/opportunities. S4 less emigration more intraregional migration |
| desalination | removal of salt from saltwater to make potable drinking water (ex:saudi arabia) |
| interventing obstacle | barrier encountered on a journey that prevents or interferes with getting to the planned final destination |
| intervening opportunity | new opportunity that arise along a journey that is more attractive to the person making the journey and diminishes the attractiveness of the final destination |
| scale of inquiry | level of geographic area being invested. at a very large scale, a negihborhood may be the focus. at a very small scale the entrie earth may be the focus. |
| sex ratio | number of males compard to 100 females in a population |
| cultural geography | study of peoples lifestyples, their creations and their realtionships to the earth |
| material components of culture | tangible artifacts that can be physcially left behind such as clothing and architecture |
| nonmaterial components of culture | thoughts and ideas of a people for example their religions or morals. things that help define a culture |
| cultural geography | why culture is expressed in different way in different places |
| sequent occupance | succession of cultures leaving their mark in a shared space or terriorty often over generations of time |
| environmental determinisim | greeks developed theory that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment |
| possiblism | theory that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people |
| cultural determinisim | geographers say that the environment places no restirictions on humans whatsoever. the only restrictions we face are the ones we place on ourselves |
| politiacl ecology | a school of thought that arugues the government of a region affects the environment, which in turn affects the choices available to the people in the region |
| culture trait | a single attribute of a culture |
| culture complex | combination of all culture traits |
| culture systems | when many culture complexex share particular traits and merge together |
| culture regions | drawn around places and people with similarities in their culuture systems |
| regional identiry | emotional attatchment to the group of people and places associated with a particular culture region |
| cultural diffusion | spread of peoples culture across space |
| spatial diffusion | spread of any phenomenon across space |
| relocation diffusion | subtype of diffusion in which the phenomenon spreads through the movemnt of its users from one place to another |
| migrant diffusion | type of relocation diffusion in which the spreading phenomenon epicenter moves with the relocating groupe of users or carriers like the influenza usual diffusion pattern |
| cultural convergence | ocurs when on culture adops a cultural attribute of another |
| acculturataion | occurs when a less dominant culture comes into contact with an adopts traits from a more dominatn culture |
| assimilation | final completion of the cultural acculturation process when a culture grou loses all its original traits and becomes fully a part of a different dominating culture |
| carl sauer | prominent geographer in the 20th century who championed the study of cultural landscapes and built enbironments in human geogarphy |
| transculturation | equal exchange of cultural traits between two cultures a form of cultural convergence |
| s curve diffusion pattern | diffusion often follows this pattern of a sloer pace in the innovation stage followed by a rapid diffusion pattern in the majority adopter stage and finishing in a slower paced laggard stage |
| culture hearths | where the culture began |
| indepentdent innovation | invention of the same phenomenon by two culture hearth without each knowing about the others invention or sometimes existence |
| religion | set of beliefs and activities that are created to help humans celebrate and understand their place in the world |
| universalizing religions | try to have a universal appeal and attract all people to their beleifs |
| ethnic religions | attempt to appeal not to all people but to only one groupperhaps in one place or of one ethnicity |
| monotheistic | believing in one supreme being |
| polytheistic | believing in more than one supreme being |
| denominations | groups of common congregations with in a branch |
| branch | large fundamental divisions within a religion |
| sects | smaller groups that have broken away from a recongnized denominations within a branch |
| buddhisim(origin, diffusion route, current member) | orgin:world first universalizing religion. founded in india near indogangetic hearth. diffusion route:spreading in india, to china,korea,japan,tibet,mongolia,SE asia. 350million-current members |
| theravada buddhisim | monastic(monks,nuns),55% of buddists, SE asian countries(sri lanka,thailand) |
| Mahayan buddhists | find salvation through meditation and prayer. no nuns/monks. 40% of buddhists Korea,vietnam,japan,china |
| lamaism in tibet | monastic.local images of deities and demons.5% of buddhists. Many see the chinese gov trying to supress them because they see it as a threat to its total control over the region. dali lama is prominent adherent of this sect of buddhism but has been exiled |
| zen buddhism | exists primarily in japan |
| cultural landscape features of buddhism | pagoda which is derived from ancient burial mound shapes. |
| christianity (origin,hearth,diffusion route) | orgin:second univeralizing regligion to develop. 600yrs after buddhisim. semitic hearth-near modern day israel. monotheistic religion. main holy book is bible diffusion route:Palestine spread in 15th century Roman empire.90%of western hemisphere |
| Christianity branch: roman catholic | largest and original piece of chrisianity. 830 million member. heirarchial religion-well defined, orgainized, etc. no denominations. headquarters are in vatican city in italy |
| christianity branch:protestant christan | 503 million. about 25% of all christians. broken into denominations-baptist,methodist,pentecostal,lutheran. |
| christianity branch: eastern orthodox christianity | developed 1054 when roamn catholic church spilt. collection of 14 self governing churches largest of which is the russian orthodox church.194million. dominant in europe and russia. roots in constantinople, modern day istanbul |
| cultural landscape of christanity | varied. prominent cathedrasl. simple wooden plain churchs define protestants. cathedrals |
| islam(orgin,diffusion route) | 3rd major univeralizing religion.originated in mecca,saudi arabia.prophet Muhammad carried to medina,saudi arabia from there it spread. 1.2billion members. second largest religion, but fastest growing. monotheistic. holy book is Koran.spread by followers |
| islam branch:sunni muslim | 85% of muslims.dominate in arabic speaking areas of bangladesh and pakistan. |
| Islam branch: shiite muslims | majority in iran and iraq. 15% of muslims |
| islam cultural landscape | mosque-center of muslim worship |
| Sikhism | 22million members.smaler universalizing religion. founded late 15th century. seen to be a syncretic religion-mix of many belifs and practices (hinduisim and islam) |
| Hinduism(orgin, diffusion route) | 900million members mostly in india. first major religion to originate from here. use Vedas. spread from its indo gangetic hearth eastward through ganges and south through india. blended with other faiths. no branches.monotheistic but some say polytheistic |
| cultural landscape by hinduisim | reincarnation-rebirth of souls from one generation of life to another. caste system |
| judaism(orgin, diffusion route) | oldest monotheistic religion. semitic hearth in 2000BC. southwest asia. headquarters became jerusalam. believe in teaching of abraham.use book Torah, talmud. route:after jerusalm was destroyed they scattered.18million jews world wide.60%in usa and israel |
| judaism branches | othrodox judaism, reform judasim,conservatice judaism |
| judaism cultural landscape features | synagogue. |
| shintoism | syncretic,ethinic religion blending principles of buddhism with local religion of japan. state religion of japan. 118 million members |
| taoism and confucianism | prodound impact on chinese life. confucius built system of morals and a way of life for chinese areas.tao system of living in harmonizing ways |
| secularism | movement away from control of life by a religion |
| theocracy | is a government run by a religion (iran) |
| interfaith boundaries | divide space between two or more religions |
| intrafaith boundaries | divide space within one religion, often among denominations |
| landguage extinction | language is no longer used in the world by people |
| how many people speak an indo european language | 50% |
| multiliingual states | countries in which more than one language is spoken |
| lingua franca | language used to faciliate trade among groups speaking different languages |
| ghetto | region in which an ethnic minority is forced to live by economic , legal, or govermental pressures. |
| ethnic enclave | place in which an ethnic minority is conecentrated sometimes inthe form of a ghetto |
| barrio | spanish speaking ethnic neighborhood in a city |
| race | classification system of humans based on the color of their skin and other physical features |
| social distance | measurement of how distance two ethnicities or social groups are from eachother but not in spatial sense of distance |
| dowry death | bride is murdered by her husbands family because her father forgot to pay the dowry(mostly in india) |
| enfranchisement | right to vote |
| caste system | system of social levels defeined by ones ancestry and job traditionally in india |
| creole | pidgin language that has become the language of the people being dominated by invaders |
| cultural homogenetiy | occurs when cultures become the same or uniform and local diversity is decreased |
| cultural imperialism | invasion of a culture into another with the intent of dominating the invaded culture politically economically and/or socially |
| diapora | scattering of any ethnic group originally referred to the jews |
| ethnic cleansing | process in which a racial or ethnic group attempts to expel or exterminate from a territory another racial or ethnic group |
| ethnic enclave | another name for an ethnic neighborhood surronded by an unwelcoming discriminatory or hostile ethnic group or groups |
| ethnicity | complex identity created by a people to define their group through actual or perceived shared cultural traits such as language relgion and so forth |
| ethnic relgigion | relgigion that compromises of one group of people or exists in one places and does not seek to convert |
| ethnocentrisim | using ones own ultural identity as the superior standard by which to judge others often causes discriminatory behavior |
| folk culutre | isolated group that has had longlasting culture traits that have not changed substantially over time |
| gender gap | difference in social economic and political power and opportunity between men and women |
| genocide | killing of one racal or ethnic group by another |
| indo gangetic hearth | hearth near the indus and ganges rivers where hinuisim buddhim and sikhism originated |
| language divergence | occurs when new languages or dialects grow from one original source because of the migration of original speakers to new lands or contact with new languages |
| language replacement | occurs when invaders repalce withtheir own language the language of the people whom they conquer |
| official language | language selected by a country to represent its identity in courts and governmetn proceedings |
| proto indo european | first form of language that gave rise to the indo european family believed to have spread through either the kurgan conquests or through farming technology |
| sequent occupance | theory that a place is occupied by different groups of people each group leaving an imprint on the place from which the next group learns |
| official language | acceptable form of a given language as declared by political or societal leaders |
| toponym | name given to a place |
| political geography | study of human political organization of the earth at various geographic levels |
| territoriality | creating ownership over a defined space |
| personal space | we claim as our own territory into which other may not enter without permission |
| state | political untied with a permanent population, territorial boundaries that are reconginzed by other states,an effective government, working economy, sovereignty |
| sovereignty | internationally recongnized control a state has over the people and territory withing its boundaries |
| nation | group of people who share a commoon culture and identify as a cohesive group |
| nation state | only one nation in its borders |
| stateless nation | naation does not have a territory to call its own |
| self determination | power to control their own territory and destiny |
| irredentism | a movement to reuntie a nations homeland when a part of it is spread into another states borders |
| buffer state | independent country located between 2 larger countries that are in conflict |
| buffer zone | exists when 2 or more countries sit between 2 larger countries in conflict |
| satellite states | countries controlled by another more powerful state |
| shatterbelt | state or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition |
| geometric political boundaries | straightline boundaries that do no relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved |
| physical political boundaries | separate territory according to natural features in the landscape such as mountains deserts or rivers |
| cultural political boundaries | political boundary that marks the changes in the cultural landscape such as boundary dividing territory according to religion or language |
| frontier | region where boundaries are bery thinly or weakly developed zone where territoriality is not well established and is unclear |
| antecedent boundaries | boundary that existed before the human cultures grew into current form |
| subsequent boundary | boundary that grows after significant settlement has occurred rather than existing before the growth of human cultures as with an antecedent boundary |
| superimposed boundary | boundary forcibly put on a landscape by outsiders |
| reflict boundary | boundary that no longer functions as a boundary but only as a reminder of a line that once divided space |
| definition | phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described an negotiated |
| delimination | step when the boundarys definition is drawn onto a map |
| demarcation | visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence line sign wall or other means |
| administration | enforecemnt by a government or people of the boundary that has been created |
| administration phase of boundary creation | pharse in which a government enforces the boundary it has created |
| allocational boundary dispute | conflict over resources that may not be divided by the border such as natural gas reserves beneath the soil |
| balkanization | division of a region or state into smaller units usually along ethnic lines |
| benelux | economic alliance among belgium the netherlands and luxemborg established before the end of WWII |
| bentrifugal force | force that divides a stats people and regions |
| centripetal force | force that unifies a states people and regions |
| city-state | political space comprising a central city and surrounding farmland |
| colonialism | control by a developed state over an underdeveloped area |
| compact state | state with lilttle cariation in distance from its center point to any point on its boundary |
| confederate govermental structure | organizational structure comprising a weak central gov and regional gov.s holding the majority of power |
| core of a state | region in a state wherein political and economic power is concentrated like the nucleus of a cell |
| dependency theory | according to this theory former colonies in south america africa and asia have not been able to heal from imperial domination and are still dependent on their former european colonizer |
| devolution | process of transferring some power from the central government to regional governments |
| domino theory | notion that democratic allies must protect lands from falling to the communists because one such communist acquistion creates others ultimately resulting in communist domination of the world.led to containment doctrine to keep communists fromacquiringland |
| elongated state | state with a long thin shape |
| enclave | part of a state surrounded completely by another state. also see ethnic enclave |
| ethnonationalism | powerful emotional attachment people have for their nation when it is a minority within a state making them feel they are different from the rest of the states people |
| european economic ommunity(common market) | supranational economic alliance of european countries wanting to form a european market. established in 1958, it was a precursor to the current european union |
| european union | supranational organization of nearly 25 member states in europe that have integrated for imporbed economic and political cooperation |
| exclave | enclave that is a territorial political extension of another state |
| exclusive economic zone | according to the UNCLOS, a 200 nautical mile are extending along a states coast to which that state has economic rights |
| federal governmental structure | organizational structure with a central government that shares power with strong regional goverments |
| forward captial | captial city built by a state to achieve a national goal |
| fragmented state | state geographicallyexisting in mroe than one piece or in fragments |
| geopolitics | branch of political geography that analyzes how states behave as political and territorial system |
| gerrymandering | redrawing electoral boudaries to gibe one political party an advantage over others |
| irredentism | movement to reunite a nation homeland when part of it extends into another states borders |
| landlocked state | state without coastal access to a body of water |
| locational boundary dispute | conflict over the location or place of a boundary |
| mackinders hearland theory | geopolitical theory that eurasia was the world island and the key to dominating hte world ruling this world island required controlling eastern europe linked to the domino theory |
| median line principle | staement in UNCLOS declaring that when there is not enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exculsive economic zone the two or more countries involved will divide the water evenly |
| mercantillism | economic system in which colonies are obatined to supply the coloinizer with raw materials to ship back home and use in making products for the population in the mother country |
| microstate | very small state such as singapore |
| multicore state | state with more than one core region |
| nation | group of people who share a common culture and identify as a cohesive group |
| neocolonialism | continued econominic dependence of new states on their former colonial masters the basic principle of dependency heory |
| new world order | multilayered international situation or landscape that has existed since the end of the cold war |
| north atlantic treaty organization | supranational organization formed during the cold war to combat the expansion of communist states |
| operational boudary dispute | conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function such as the conflict over allowing migration across the border |
| organic theory | Ratzel's geopolitical theory that states are living organisims want to grow larger by acquiring more nourishment in the form of land |
| perforated state | state with a hole punched in it by another state like south africa perforated by lesotho |
| primate city | city that is not only the political nucleus but also is many tiem more economically powerful than any other city in the state |
| prorupt state | state that protrudes from its core area as an arm juts off from the main body |
| rimland theory | Spykmans theory defining the rimland to be all of eurasia periphery not its core of russia and central asia this rimland was he key to controlling the world island |
| satellite state | country controlled by a more powerful state |
| stateless nation | nation without a territory to call its own |
| territorial morphology | relationship between a states geographic shape size relative location and political situation |
| territoriality | control over a spcae and the assumption of ownership to that space |
| unitary governmental structure | organizational structure in which one main governmental decision making body exists for the entire state.regions w/i the country may have their own local gov.s but are weak and usually serve only as admin.ive organs for the primary govbased countrycapital |
| United nations | UN. supranational organization of nearly 200 member states bound together to create collective security through diplomatic cooperation |
| warsaw pact | supranational organization of communist allies formed during the cold war |
| world systems analysis | viewpoint that the situation in one country is directly linked to that countrys role in the greater capitalistic system divided into core states peripheral states and semiperipheral states |
| agribuisiness | system of food production involving everything from the development of seeds to the marketing and sale o food products at the market |
| agriculture | growing plants or raising animals to produce fod for sustenance or sale at the marketplace |
| biotechnology | using living organisims to produce or change plant or animal products |
| capital intensive farm | farm that makes heave use of machinery in the farming process |
| commercial farming | growing food to be sold in groceries and markets not just to be eaten by the farmers themselves |
| dairying | growth of milk based products for hte marketplace |
| debt for nature swaps | efforts to preserve natural famrland by forgiving international debts owed by developing countries in exchange for those countries protecting natural land resources from human destruction |
| desertification | loss of habitalbe land to the expansion of deserts |
| double cropping | planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year |
| enclousure movement | as feudalism faded away and capitalism gew this movement divided the common farm on the villiagers all farmed together into individual farming plots. many farmers who did not get private plots moved to hte growin cities |
| ester boserup | developed the theory that subsistence farmers want the most leisure time they can have so they farm in ways that will allow them both to feed their families and to mazimize free time. farmers change their way so that they can adjust if pop increases |
| extensive subsistence agriculture | using a large amount of land to farm food for the farmers family to eat |
| famine | mass starvation resulting from prolonged undernutrition in a region during a certian period |
| genetic modification | form of biotechnology that uses scientific genetic manipulation of crop and animal products to improve agricultural productivity and products |
| green revolution | as an outgrowth of the third agricultural revolution this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm |
| hunters and gatherers | nomadic people who do not remain stationary but follow herds of wild animals and forage for plants for survival |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | cultivating a small amount of alnd very effienienctly to produce food for the farmers family |
| intertillage | practice of mixing many types of seeds on the same plot of land |
| labor intensive farm | farm that uses much human labor |
| land rent | price a farmer must pay for each acre of land |
| large scale grain farm | extensive comercial grain farm where the grain typically is grown to be exported to other places for consumption |
| mediterranean agriculture | type of farming involving wheat barley vine and tree crops and grazing for sheep and goats primarily associated with the region near the mediterranean sea and palces with climates that have hot dry summers and mild wet winters |
| milkshed | zone around the citys center in which milk can be produced and shipped to the marketplace without spoiling |
| mixed crop and livestock farming | category of agriculture in which farmers both grow crops and raise animals |
| open lot system | system of agricultural land distribution in which all villiagers worked on one large plot of community farmland to produce a crop to eat |
| pastoralism | breeding and herding of animals to produce food shelter and clothing for survival |
| plantation agriculture | farming that involves large scale operations known as plantations or agricultural estates, specializing in the farming of one or two high demand crops for export usually to more developed regions |
| ranching | raising animals on a plot of land on which they feed or graze |
| seed agriculture | developed later than vegetative planting this type of farming involves planting seeds rather than simply planting part of hte parent plant |
| shifting cultivation | form of extensive subsistence agriculture in which farmers rotate the fields they cultivate to allow the soild to replenish its nutrients rather than farming the same plot of land over and over |
| slash and burn agriculture | common way that subsistence farmers prepare a new plot of aldn for farming;system in which the land is cleared by cutting the existing plants on the land and then burning hte erest to create a cleared plot of new farmland |
| soil erosion | loss of nutrient rich top layer in soil |
| subsistence farming | growing only enough food to feed the farmers own families |
| sustainable yield | rate of crop production that can be maintained over time |
| swidden | plot of land prepareed by subsistence farmers using the slash and burn method |
| third agricultural revolution | period in which agriculture became gloablized and industrialiezed and new technologies increased the food supply |
| truck farm | commerical flower farm or garden |
| undernutrition | case of not getting enough calories or nutrients |
| vegetative planting | process of cultivating by simply cutting off a stem of another plant or dividing roots of a plant developed before seed agriculture |
| agglomeration | clumping together of industries for mutual advantage |
| agglomeration economy | positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for the consumers of their products often in the form of lower costs to the industries and ocnsumers |
| alfred weber | twentieth century german geographer who created the least cost theory to predict the locational decisions made by industrial operations |
| asian tigers | group of new industrial countries comprising taiwan,south korea, hong kong, singapore |
| backwash effect | occurs when other regions suffer a drain of resources and talent due to agglomeration in another region |
| big mac index | toll for calculating purchasing power parity that compares prices of a big mac throughout the world |
| commodification | giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously preceieved as having a money related value |
| comparative advatange | ability of a country to produce a good or offer a serve better than another country can |
| conglomerate corporation | massive corporation operating a collection of smaller companies that provide it with specific services in its production process |
| deglomeration | unclumping of industries because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with overcrowding |
| dependency theory | theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective arguing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less developed countries to modernize and develop |
| developement | process of improving the material condition of people throug hte growth and diffusion of technology and knowledge |
| development gap | widening difference between development levels in more developed and less developed countries |
| economy | system of production consumption and distribution |
| ecotourism | type of tourist attraction built around an environmentally friendly activity that aims to preserve the earth and its resources |
| export processing zone | region of a less developed country that offer taz breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export driven production processes such as factories producing goods for foreign markets. sometimes called free trade zone |
| fair trade | policies that favor oversight of foreign direct investment and outsourcing to ensure that workers throughout hte world are guaranteed a living wage for their work enough to survive in their home countries |
| footloose industry | industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants |
| ford production method | manufacturing process broken down into differentiated components with different groups of people performing idfferent tasks to complete the product |
| foreign direct investment | investment by a multinational corporation in a foreign countrys economy |
| free trade | concept of allowing multinational corporations to outsource without any regualtion except for the basic forces of market capitalism |
| gloablization | originally this buzz term referred to the spread of economic actiites from a home country to other parts of the world but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms |
| global warming theory | argues that the earths surface temperature is gradually rising because of the greenhouse effect which is responsible for changing global climate patterns |
| greenhouse effect | rise in the average temperature on the earth as a result of the buildup of chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other polluting outputs of industrialization |
| High tech corridor(technopole) | place where technology and computer inductires agglomerate |
| industrialization | growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or a region usualy occus alongside a decrease in the nuber of primary economic activities withing a country |
| informal sector | network of business transactions that are not reported and ther fore not included in the countrys GDP and offical economic projections |
| international trade approach | method of improving a countrys development that pushes the country to identify its unique set of strengths in the world and to channel investment toward building on these strengths. finds out what it can offer the world |
| liberal development theories | theories that claim development is a procccess through which all countries can move |
| locational interdependence | theory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located |
| market orientation | result of locating weight losing industries near the supply of raw resources |
| multinational corporation | as one of the primary agents of globalization this business has headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more other countries sometimes called a transnational corporation |
| new industrial country | country that has recently established an industrialized economy based on manufacturing and global trade |
| new international division of labor | division of the manufacturing process across several countreis wherein different pieces of the product are made in differenct countries and then the pieces are assembled in yet another country |
| nongovernmental organization | organization not run by a government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to loval buisnesses and causes advancing economic and human development |
| north south gap | pattern of development level in which most most-developed countries exist in hte northern hemisphere whereas most les-developed countries exist in the southern hemisphere |
| outsourcing | an MNC relocating a piece of its manufacturing operations to factories in other countries |
| pacific rim economic region | together china and japan, the four asian tigers make up the core of the asian economic engine |
| privatization | selling of publicly operated industries to market driven corporations |
| purchasing power parity | meausurement tool of calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods as every other currency |
| quaternary economic activities | include assembline, distributing, and processing information and managing other business operations |
| quinary economic activities | subset of quaternary activities that involves the highest level of decision making such as that of a legislature or a presidential cabinet |
| self sufficiency approach | approach to improbing economic development by building a countrys independence from foreign economies and fostering its ability to provide for its own people |
| spatially fixed costs | costs that remain the same no matter where a business chosses to locate |
| spatially variable costs | costs that vary depending on the location of an industrial activity |
| special economic zone | region offering special taz breaks eased environmental restrictions and other incentives to attract foreign business and investment |
| structural adjustments | stipulations that require the country receiving an international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan |
| structuralist theories | argue that less developed countries are locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports an unequal structure |
| substitution principle | asserts that an industry will choose to move to access lower labor costs despirte higher transportation costs |
| sustainable development | balance between the pace of human development and the enbironment that supports that developmet. a level of development that does not destory the earths ability to regenerate its resource supply for future generations of inhabitants of the earth |
| weight gaining process | process that takes raw materials and creates a heabier final product |
| weight losing process | manufacturing process that take raw materials and converts them into a product that is lighter than the raw materials that went in to making the finished product |
| bid rent curve | graph showing the predicted decline in cost of land and population density as you move away from the CBD in the concentric zone model |
| blockbusting | tactic(now illegal) that contributed to ghettoization used by real estate agents to get people to mobe out of their homes because of fear of racial integration |
| CBD | original core of a citys economy like the nucleus of a cell |
| central place | urban center that provides services to people livingin in the surrounding rural areas |
| colonial city | city whose primary identity is as a colony of an invading or conquring imperial power often showing forced cultural imprints of the colonizer |
| counterurbanization | increase in rural populations resulting from our migration of city residents from their ccity and suburban homes in search of the peace and tranquility of nonurban lifestyles |
| cumulative causation | contributing factor to uneven developmetn occurs when money flows to areas of greatest profit places where development has already been focused rather than places of greates need |
| deindustrialized | refers to an industrial city whose factory based economy has transitioned to an economy dominated by the service sector |
| edge city | self suffient urban area withing a greater metropolitan complex. often develops on highway exits |
| exurb | area of growth outside the central city and surrounding suburbs. its growth is guelded by people exiting the city and suburbs in search of the peace and tranquility of more rural lifestyles |
| festival setting | area withing an urban place build for community gathering such as a park or water front |
| gentrification | process in which older urban zones are rediscovered and renovated by people who move back into the inner city from their suburban fringes. resulting influx of new money raises prices and pushes out lower income residnets |
| ghettoization | growth of areas of concentrated poverty in urban places |
| green belt | boundary encircling an urban place and limitin the sprawl of the city forcing inward development and reinvestment in a citys coe |
| hinterland | area serviced by central place |
| industrial city | city that grew during the industrial revolution. rather than serving mainly as an administrative religious trade or gateway city the industrial city primary function was to make ad distribute manufactured products |
| invasion and succession | pattern of inflow of new migrants to the CBD in the concentric zone model and hten the related pushing of existing inhabitants outward to rings outside the center thereby changing land use patterns |
| level of urbanization | percentage of people considered urban |
| megacity | city that has a high degreee of centrality and primacy althoug not a world city it exerts high levels of influcence and power in the countrys economy. all of megacities have populations over 10 million inhabitants |
| megalopolis | massive urban blob of overlappin integrating metropolitan areas whose distinctive boundaries are increasinly becoming diffucult to find. |
| metroploitan statistical area | us census bureau geographic unit of area including a central city an all its immediately interacting countries populated by commuters and people diectly connected to the central city. an MSA is an urbanized region with a minimum of 50,000 residents |
| micropolitician statistical area | US cenes bueau geographic unit comprising a central city and the surrounding counties integrated into it and having a population of 10,000 to 50,000 |
| multiplier effect | increased economic success and energy created by the addition of new basic sector jobs |
| nonbasic employment sector | group of economic functions in a city that shift money within the city not outside the city as in the basic employment sector |
| office park | zone of urban land exclusivley set aside for corporate offices. often office park developers offer incentivies to businesses ot locate there |
| panregional influence | influence that extends beyond the citys own region into the other centers of economic contorl |
| peak land value intersection | point of land with maximum accessibility and visibility in the city usually the center of the CBD in the concentric zone model |
| periferico | most peripheral zone of a latin american city marked by squatter settlements and abject poverty |
| planned community | master planned neighborhood with preformulated architectural designs built in community gatherin spots and restrictive covenants |
| preindustrial city | city whose economy and urban organization are conforming to the dominance of service sector nonindustrial economic covenants |
| postmodernism | postindustrial school of architecture and urban design that frowns on symmetry and balance and looks more toward diversity and individuality in expression |
| preindustrial city | city existing before the industrial revolution,served as a trade center and fateway to foreign lands and markets. often the rural settlements surrounding the urban spave providedagricultural productsand foodto the urbandwellers whoprovided economic func.s |
| primacy | degree to which a primate city dominates economic, political and cultural functions in a country. the degree of primacy is calculated using the formula P1/P2 where P1 is the population size of the primate city and P2 is the 2nd largest city in the country |
| racial steering | tactic(now illegal) contributing to ghettoization;real estae agents would show people neighborhoods and houses according to their race |
| range of a good or service | maximum distance a person is wiling to travel to ovtain a good or service |
| rank size rule | in a region the nth largest citys populationis 1/n the opulation of the regions largest city |
| rate of urbanization | speed that the opulation is becoming urban |
| redlining | ractice (now illegal) of banks and lending agencies refusing to giveloans to people moving to minotiry dominated districts because banks/agencies feared the loads would not be repaid based on statistical improbability of sucessful development in districts |
| restrictive covenants | special laws passed by communities usually to exert control over the way their neighborhoood will look and grow such as laws restricting how people can use their space |
| shock city | urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization |
| spatial competition | assumption in the central place theory that implies that central places competes with each other for customers |
| squatter settlement | makeshift unsafe housing constructed from any scraps people can find on land they neither rent or own |
| star shaped city pattern | nearly shape of city growth before automobile dominance in which lines of public transportation radiated from te h CBD in a star pattern the star shaped pattern of growth maintained the dominance of the CBD |
| street morphology | layout or pattern of streets |
| suburbanization | growth of lower density housing industry and commerical zones outside the CBD |
| telecommuting | modern form of commuting that involves only the commuting of info not the worker throug hte use of the telephone and internet allowing people to send info and communication over long distances |
| threshold | minium number of peole needed to fuel a particular functions existence in a central place |
| uneven development | urban development that is not spread equally among a citys areas leaving some areas richly developed and other continually poor and decreit |
| urban banana | arch of the dominant overland trade based cities stretching from london to tokyo in the 1500s before the rise of sea based trade and exploration |
| urban hearth area | area where an urban lifestyle and ciliazation started and from which they diffused |
| urban heirarchy | system of cities consisteing of various levels with few cities at the top level and increasingly more settlements on each lower level the osition of a city within the heirarchy is determined by the diversity and level of central place functions it rocides |
| urbanization | growth and diffusion of city landscapes and urban lifestyle |
| urban sprawl | diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle into formerly nonurban often agricultural lands has raised continued problems related to uneven development and chaning land use patterns |
| urban system | network of urban places part of an interlocking web of interacting cities |
| world city | powerful city that controls a disproportionately high level of the worlds economic politial and cultural activities sometiems called a global city it has a high degree of centrality in the global urban system |
| zone in transition | ring of land usually just around the cbd that is constantly in flux and run down because of successive waves of imigrations that never allow it to develop a permanent population base and attract development |
| idiographic | geographic research that applies to only 1 place or region |
| Approximately how long did it take for Eurasian hunter-gatherers to reach the tip of South American after their initial arrival in Alaska? | 2000 years |
| longitude is | the angular distance east or west of Greenwich, England. |
| break of bulk points | sites where goods are transferred for continued shipping |
| According to Thomas Malthus, _____ grows arithmetically, but ______ grows geometrically | food production, population |
| internal migration | movment wihin a counry |
| international or external migration | movement outside a country |
| interreginoal migration | moving from one region in the counry to anoher region |
| inraregional | is moving within a region such as city to suburb |
Created by:
kiwiworld1