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Med. Term. Ch9
Medical Terminology for Health Professions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the major waste product of protein metabolism | urea |
| consists of 2 kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a urethra | urinary tract/system |
| constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water; these are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% other wastes | kidneys |
| what means pertaining to the kidneys? | renal |
| ren means what? | kidney or kidneys |
| the outer region of the kidney; it contains over one million microscopic units called nephrons | renal cortex |
| what means the outer portion of an organ? | cortex |
| the inner region of the kidney; it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules | medulla |
| a functional unit of the kidney; these units form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion | nephron |
| a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule; each nephron contains one of these | glomerulus |
| the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color | urochrome |
| the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla; this is where the newly formed urine collects before it flows into the ureters | renal pelvis |
| two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder | ureters |
| a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body | urinary bladder |
| the smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureters and urethra | tirgone |
| the tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body | urethra |
| one located at either end of the urethra, control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus | urinary sphincters |
| the external opening of the urethra | urethral meatus |
| approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; in a female, the urethra conveys only urine | female urethra |
| approximately 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; this urethra transports both urine and semen | male urethra |
| part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra; most disorders of the prostate affect the male's ability to urinate | prostate gland |
| the normal process of excreting urine; also known as voiding or micturition | urination |
| as the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge to __________ or micturate | urinate |
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys | nephrologist |
| nephr/o means what? | kidney |
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teh urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males | urologist |
| this term refers to both the genital and urinary organs | genitourinary |
| the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions; the body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure; also known as KIDNEY FAILURE | renal failure |
| a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood; also known as UREMIC POISONING | uremia |
| has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia; it can be fatal if not reversed promptly; this condition can be caused by many factors, including a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury or surgery | acute renal failure (ARF) |
| the progressive loss of renal function, sometimes leading to uremia, which is caused by a variety of conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension | chronic renal failure |
| refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys; without dialysis or a kidney transplant, this condition is fatal | end-stage renal disease (ESRD) |
| a condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death; this syndrome can be teh result of an E. coli infection in young children and the elderly | hemolytic uremic syndrome |
| a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood; this is the result of damage to the kidney's glomeruli | nephrotic syndrome |
| any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome WITHOUT inflammation | nephrosis |
| the absence of urine formation by the kidneys | anuria |
| what means without? | an- |
| -uria means what? | urine |
| excessive fluid in the body tissues | edema |
| the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine; this condition is often associated with hyperproteinemia | hyperproteinuria |
| teh presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood; this condition is often associated with hyperproteinuria | hypoproteinemia |
| means any disease of the kidney; this definition includes both degenerative and inflammatory conditions | nephropathy |
| a kidney disease characterized by hyperproteinuria, which is the result of thickening and hardening of teh glomeruli caused by long-term diabetes mellitus | diabetic nephropathy |
| the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys; this condition can be caused by problems associated w/ the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a stricture in the ureter or blockage in the opening from the bladder to the urethra, or urethra.. | hydronephrosis |
| the distention of the pelvis of the kidney | nephrectasis |
| an abnormal band of tissue that narrows or completely blocks a body passage | stricture |
| what means enlarged or stretched? | distention |
| an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys; the two most common causes of nephritis are infection or an autoimmune disease | nephritis |
| a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine; also known as BRIGHT'S DISEASE | glomerulonephritis |
| glomerul/o means what? | glomeruli |
| the prolapse of a kidney; also known as a FLOATING KIDNEY | nephroptosis |
| -ptosis means what? | droop or prolapse |
| what means slipping or falling out of place? | prolapse |
| suppuration of the kidney, also known as PYONEPHROSIS | nephropyosis |
| py means what? | pus |
| means the formation or discharge of pus | suppuration |
| a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys; these cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney, reduce the kidney function, and this eventually leads to kidney failure | polycystic kidney disease |
| an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone | renal colic |
| what means spasmodic pains in the abdomen | colic |
| a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children; there is a high cure rate for this condition when this condition is treated promptly | Wilms tumor |
| an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body; these stones vary in size from small sand-like granules to the size of marbles and are named for the organ or tissue where they are located; also known as CALCULUS | stone |
| in the urinary system, _________ are formed when waste products in the urine crystalize | stones |
| describes the presence of stones in the kidney | nephrolithiasis |
| -lithiasis means what? | presence of stones |
| also known as RENAL CALCULUS or a KIDNEY STONE, is found in the kidney | nephrolith |
| a stone located anywhere along the ureter | ureterolith |
| ureter/o means what? | ureter |
| a stone located within the urinary bladder | cystolith |
| cyst/o means what? | bladder |
| the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked | hydroureter |
| what means water? | hydr/o |
| the distention of a ureter | ureterectasis |
| -ectasis means what? | enlargement |
| the discharge of blood from the ureter | ureterorrhagia |
| usually begins in the bladder; however, these infections can affect all, or parts, of the urinary system; these occur more frequently in women because of teh urethra is short and located near the openings to the vagina and rectum | urinary tract infection (UTI) |
| an inflammation of the urethra | urethritis |
| an inflammation of the bladder | cystitis |
| an inflammation of the renal pelvis | pyelitis |
| pyel/o means what? | renal pelvis |
| an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney; this is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder | pyelonephritis |
| what two term both mean pain in the urinary bladder? | cystalgia AND cystodynia |
| also known as a FALLEN BLADDER, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall | cystocele |
| -cele means what? | hernia |
| a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder; the symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment | interstitial cystitis |
| an inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone | trigonitis |
| an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina | vesicovaginal fistula |
| vesic/o means what? | bladder |
| an abnormal passage between two internal organs | fistula |
| a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination | neurogenic bladder |
| what means nervous system? | neur/o |
| what means created by? | -genic |
| a peripheral nervous system disorder affecting nerves anywhere except the brain or the spinal cord | neuropathy |
| bleeding from the urethra | urethrorrhagia |
| urethr/o means what? | urethra |
| an abnormal discharge from the urethra; this condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases | urethrorrhea |
| narrowing of the urethra; this condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is often associated with prostate enlargement | urethrostenosis |
| a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in the male with "this", the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis; in the female, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris | epispadias |
| a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in the male with "this", the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis; in the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina | hypospadias |
| a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of teh penis | paraspadias |
| an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50; this condition can make urination difficult; also known as BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, ENLARGED PROSTATE, PROSTATOMEGALY | benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| the general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is not due to tumor formation | hypertrophy |
| the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy; this can produce difficulties with urination and with urinary retention | prostatism |
| prostat means what? | prostate gland |
| what means condition of? | -ism |
| one of the most common cancers among men; the disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body | prostate cancer |
| an inflammation of the prostate gland | prostatitis |
| the increased output of urine | diuresis |
| what means increasing the output of urine? | diur |
| difficult or painful urination; this condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections | dysuria |
| -uria and -uresis means what? | urination |
| the involuntary discharge of urine | enuresis |
| urinary incontinence during sleep; also known as BED WETTING | nocturnal enuresis |
| excessive urination during the night | nocturia |
| noct means what? | night |
| scanty urination | oliguria |
| olig means what? | scanty |
| excessive urination | polyuria |
| difficulty in starting a urinary stream; this condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands; in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present is known as BASHFUL BLADDER SYNDROME | urinary hesitancy |
| the inability to empty the bladder; this condition is also more common in men, and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate | urinary retention |
| means the inability to control the excretion of urine and feces | incontinence |
| the inability to control the voiding of urine | urinary incontinence |
| the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing | stress incontinence |
| occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active; symptoms can include urinary frequency, urgency, and accidental urination due to a sudden and unstoppable need to urinate; also known as URGE INCONTINENCE | overactive bladder (OAB) |
| the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements | urinalysis |
| what means the study of the parts | -analysis |
| the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination | bladder ultrasound |
| a normal bladder holds between _____ (#) and _____ (#) ccs of urine; when more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended (enlarged). | 300 and 400 |
| the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes; it is also used to remove urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons; another use is to place medication | catheterization |
| a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter | cystography |
| the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope | cystoscopy |
| a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters; a contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image; this examination is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract | intravenous pyelogram |
| more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms; aka CAT SCAN | computed tomography |
| a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contrast medium; this study is also referred to as a FLAT-PLATE OF THE ABDOMEN | KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) |
| a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract | retrograde urography |
| a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra; this procedure is often performed after cystography | voiding cystourethrography |
| performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer; as used here, the term digital means performed w/ a gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland | digital rectal examination |
| blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer; commonly referred to as the PSA test, it measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen | prostate-specific antigen |
| a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland | prostate-specific antigen |
| medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt | diuretics |
| a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function | dialysis |
| what means complete or through? | dia- |
| what means separation? | -lysis |
| the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood; treatment is performed on a "___________" unit which is commonly referred to as an ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY | hemodialysis |
| the lining of the peritoneal cavity and the filter to remove waste from the blood; the dialysate solution flows into the peritoneal cavity and the fluid is exchanged through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall; used for renal failure & poisoning | peritoneal dialysis |
| the freeing of a kidney from adhesions | nephrolysis |
| what means setting free? | -lysis |
| the surgical fixation of a floating kidney; also known as NEPHRORRHAPHY | nephropexy |
| what means surgical fixation? | -pexy |
| the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body | nephrostomy |
| what means creating an opening? | -ostomy |
| the surgical incision into the renal pelvis; this procedure is performed to correct an obstruction of the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter | pyelotomy |
| the surgical repair of the renal pelvis | pyeloplasty |
| the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys; commonly known as a KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | renal transplantation |
| the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel; the fragments of these stones are then excreted in the urine | extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy |
| means situated or occurring outside the body | extracorporeal |
| means to crush a stone | lithotripsy |
| what means to crush? | -tripsy |
| the surgical removal of a nephrolith (kidney stone) through an incision in the kidney | nephrolithotomy |
| -otomy means what? | surgical incision |
| performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone | percutaneous nephrolithotomy |
| the surgical removal of a ureter | ureterectomy |
| the surgical repair of a ureter | ureteroplasty |
| the surgical suturing of a ureter | ureterorrhaphy |
| the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder | cystectomy |
| the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall | cystopexy |
| the surgical suturing of the bladder | cystorrhaphy |
| a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder | lithotomy |
| performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid, such as a chemotherapy solution, into the bladder | catheterization |
| performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder | urethral catheterization |
| one that remains inside the body for a prolonged time | indwelling catheter |
| the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone | suprapubic catheterization |
| a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening | meatotomy |
| what means meatus? | meat |
| the surgical fixation of the urethra; this procedure is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence | urethropexy |
| the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin | urethrostomy |
| a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture | urethrotomy |
| the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, describes the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods | ablation |
| the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland; this procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland | prostatectomy |
| the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope; also known as TURP | transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) |
| which were named for Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women | Kegel exercises |
| a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals between scheduled urination; the goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence | bladder training |
Created by:
heartashley