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Bio 109 exam 2
Biology 109 w/ Rex Merill - exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or False: When bacterial cells divide, mitosis is involved. | False - bacterial cells are prokaryotic and divide by binary fission |
| True or False: The seminiferous tubules most of the fluid (non-cellular) part of the semen. | False - The seminiferous tubules produce mature sperm cells. The Seminal Vesicle produces most of the fluid part of semen. |
| True or False: Unlike most other vertebrate embryos, human embryos do not have a yolk sac. | False - Human embryos DO have a yolk sac in very early development. It is later absorbed and replaced with the placenta |
| True or False: It is possilbe to have more than two alleles for a single gene. | True - example - blood genes can be type IA (A), IB (B) or i (O) |
| True or False: Characteristics acquired through use or disuse by individuals of one generation can be inherited in following generations. | False - Genetic traits are inherited, not characteristics |
| Cytokinesis usually occurs during ________ of mitosis. | Telophase |
| If a nucleus with 14 chromosomes goes through meiosis, each new nucleus will have _________ chromosomes. | 7 |
| The corpus luteum produces a hormone called ____________ that maintains a thickened endometrium during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. | Progesterone |
| When translation occurs, ___________ carries amino acids to a site in a ribosome where a polypeptide chain elongates. | tRNA |
| Biologists consider ________ structures like the forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles and mammals to be evidence of a common ancestry. | |
| ______________ are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that often cause algal blooms. | Cyanobacteria |
| What is the definition of a Homologous structure? | Structures that are similar in basic form |
| What is the definition of Adaptive Radiation? | Diverance of species adapted to new diverse environments |
| What is the definition of Artifical Selection? | Selection of phenotypes by humans that has produced the diversity of domestic plants and animals |
| Define Heterotrophic | |
| Define Decomposer | Heterotrophic organisms that break down complex organic molecules into small inorganic molecules |
| What is the function of the Scrotum? | Protects testes |
| What is the function of a Testis? | It contains seminiferous tubules |
| What is the function of Seminiferous Tubules? | They produce spermatozoa (mature sperm cells) |
| What is the function of the Epididymis? | It stores spermatozoa |
| What is the function of the Vas Deferens (sperm duct)? | It transports the spermatozoa |
| What is the function of the Seminal Vesicle? | It produces part of the semen |
| What is the function of the Prostate Gland? | It produces part of the semen |
| What is the function of the Penis? | It is the organ of sexual intercourse |
| What is the function of the Urethra? | |
| What is the function of an Ovary? | It contains the follicles and corpus luteum |
| What is the function of an Ovarian Follicle? | It produces oocytes (developing eggs) and developes into corpus luteum after ovulation |
| What is the function of a Corpus Luteum? | Produces progesteron |
| What is the function of an Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)? | Transports eggs/embryo to the uterus; site of fertilization |
| What is the function of the Uterus (Womb)? | Site of embryonic and fetal development |
| In the Uterus, what is the Myometrium? | Muscualr wall of the uterus |
| In the Uterus, what is the Endometrium? | Inner wall of the uterus |
| In the Uterus, what is the Cervix? | "Neck" of the uterus |
| What is the function of the Vagina? | Organ of sexual intercourse; birth canal |
| What are the External Genitalia of a female? | Clitoris, labia minora, and labia majoria |
| How is cytokinesis in an animal cell different from a plant cell? | Animal cells furrow (pinch) to create 2 cells. They don't form a cell wall like a plant cell does |
| If a cell resulted from meiosis, would it be diploid or haploid? | Haploid |
| What major horomone is produced in the corpus luteum? | Progesterone. Estrogen also is, but progesterone is the main horomone |
| During what part of the cell cycle does the duplication of DNA occur? (Be specific) | In the S stage of Interphase |
| If a nucleus with 18 chromosomes goes through mitosis, how many chromosomes will each new nucleus have? | 18 |
| If a nucleus with 28 chromosomes goes through meiosis, how many chromosomes will each new nucleus have? | 14 |
| During what phase of meiosis do the chromosomes pair up? (Be specific) | Prophase I |
| During what phase of meiosis do chromatids separate from each other? (Be specific) | Anaphase II |
| When beans did aerobic respiration in lab, what gas turned the phenol red indicator to yellow/orange color? | CO2 |
| When you boiled the beans, what happened to the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration? | The enzymes were destroyed |
| Name two products produced by yeast during alcohol fermentation. | CO2 and Ethyl alcohol |
| Cell division is prokaryotic organisms is known as ..... | Binary fission |
| During interphase DNA is associated with protein in material called ..... | Chromatin |
| The division of the cytoplasm is known as.... | Cytokinesis |
| During S phase of interphase.... | duplication of DNA occurs |
| When a nucleus divides by mitosis... | two new genetically identical nuclei are formed |
| An unduplicated chromosome consits of ... | One chromatid |
| During Mitosis Chromatids separate during... | Anaphase |
| The correct sequence of phases in mitosis is... | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What occurs in plant cells but not in animal cells, usually begins during telophase, and results in a new cell wall between two areas of cytoplasm? | Cell plate formation |
| In animal cells spindle fibers appear to be anchored to... | A pair of centrioles |
| Color-blindness is a sex-linked trait and is determined by a recessive allele carried on the ________ chromosome. | X |
| A color-blind male will have the recessive allele on the X chromosome and no gene for color-blindness on his ______ chromosome. | Y |
| Where in a eukaryotic cell does translation occur? | Ribosomes |
| What kind of 5-carbon sugar is in the nucleotides of RNA? | Ribose |
| ZEA MAYS is an incorrectly written biomial for what you commonly call "corn". How should the biomial be correctly written? | Zea mays (in italics) |
| Indicate what part of the biomial Zea mays is the genus and which is the specific epithet. | Zea-genus; mays-specific epithet |
| What are some reasons why biologists use scientific names (biomials) rather than common names for species? | It's universal for that species; |
| How does mitosis in a plant cell differ from mitosis in an animal cell? | Animal cells have centrioles that move chromosomes around. Plant cells typically lack centrioles |
| Sexual reproduction requires - mitosis; binary fission; meiosis | Meiosis |
| The joining toghether of gametes, the formation of a zygote and the joining together of egg and sperm is known as.... | Fertilization |
| When does a cell have a haploid number of chromosomes? | When it is a result of meiosis |
| DNA duplication occurs during | The S stage in interphase BEFORE meiosis/mitosis |
| During meiosis chromosomes come togetherin homologous pairs during which phase? | Prophase I |
| During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate from each other during which phase? | Anaphase I |
| During meiosis chromatids within a duplicated chromosome separate from each other during which phase? | Anaphase II |
| ___________ is the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes in a homologus pair and occurs when part of a chromatid from one member is exchanged with the same are from the other member of the pair. | Crossing over |
| At which stage does crossing over occur during meiosis? | Prophase I |
| Sexual reproduction requires fertilization and meiosis. But if there was no meiosis and only mitoitc cell divisions occured, what would happen to the chromosome numbers in each new generation of a sexually reproducing organism? | It would be duplicated with each new generation |
| Most of teh cells within a corn plant have the diploid number of chromosomes. In corn, 2n=20. How many chromosomes would each corn microspore that results from meiosis have? | 10 |
| Human spermatogonia (the cells in the testes that undergo meiosis to produce sperm cell) have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would a human spermatogonium have at during Prophase I? | 46 |
| A group of organisms that share similar inherited characteristics and are capable of interbreeding is a ..... | Species |
| The person primarily responsible for the use of binomials and the system of taxonomic categories that we used today is... | Linnaeus |
| The scientific name for the eastern cottonwood tree is Populus deltoides. Populus is the... | Genus |
| The discipline of naming and classifying organisms is... | Taxonomy |
| A road that dichotomizes is a ... | road that branches into two roads |
| One reason for using scientific names instead of common names is that... | each species has only one scientific name |
| The largest, most inclusive category in the biological classification systme is the ... | Kingdom |
| A binomial is always a ... | two-part name |
| All the species in a genus would also be in the same...family; order; class; all of the above | All of the above |
| What are the 3 parts of Interphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| What happens during the G1 part of Interphase? | It is a period of cell growth |
| What happens during the S part of Interphase? | The period when DNA is duplicated |
| What happens during the G2 part of Interphase? | The period when the structures directly involved in mitosis and cytokinesis |
| In Mitosis, what happens in Prophase? | Chromatin form into worm-like chromosomes, which are duplicated. The nucleoi and nuclear envelope become indistinct |
| In Mitosis, what happens in Metaphase? | Chromosomes line up in the middle. They are moved into position by spindle fibers |
| In Mitosis, what happens in Anaphase? | The duplicated chromosomes split apart at their their centromeres. They are now considered unduplicated chromosomes. |
| In Mitosis, what happens in Telophase? | Unduplicated chromosomes group together at opposite poles. New nuclei form and nuclear envelopes redevelop. Cytokinesis usually occurs duing telophase. A cell plate is laid down between the 2 new nuclei. |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Prophase I? | Duplicated chromosomes are apparent and nuclear envelop and nucleoli become indistinct. The 2 chromosomes in a homologous pair come to lie close together. They intertwine and sometimes exchange genetic material |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Metaphase I? | The paired chromosomes are moved into position to the center of the cell by spindle fibers. In animal cells the spindle fibers (microtubules) would be anchored at centrioles |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Anaphase I? | The two chromosomes in a homologous pair separate from each other. Whole duplicated chromosomes go to opposite ends (poles) of the cells. There are 2 chromatids in each chromosomes at this point |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Telophase I? | New nuclei would usually reform at this point. Each nucleus has a haploid number of chromosomes at this point. |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Prophase II? | Each nucleus contains the haploid number of duplicated chromosomes. There are no longer pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Metaphase II? | Duplicated chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell moved into position by spindle fibers (microtubules) |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Anaphase II? | The duplicated chromosomes split apart at their centromeres. The former chromatids, now considered to be unduplicated chromosomes, move to opposite poles of the cell. |
| In Meiosis, what happens during Telophase II? | New nuclei reform and cytokinesis usually would separate the new nuclei into individual cells. The nuclei that result from meiosis usually are genetically different from each other. |
| What type of cells divide by binary fission? | prokaryotic cells |
| What is a chromatin? | DNA that is associated with these proteins in the nucleus. Prior to mitosis/meiosis during the S stage of interphase the DNA in the chromatin is duplicated so there are 2 exact copies of the genetic material. They condense to form the chromosomes |
| What is a chromatid? | Parts of a duplicated chromosome. Each duplicated chromosome consists of 2 chromatids that are attached to each other at an area called a centromere |
| What is an unduplicated chromosome? | When the 2 chromatids in a duplicated chromosome separate from each other. They consist of a single chromatid. |
| What is a duplicated chromosome? | When each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids |
| What is a centromere? | The area in a duplicated chromosome where the chromatid are attached to each other |
| What are spindle fibers? | Microtubules that move chromosomes into the middle of the cell during metaphase/metaphase I/metaphase II |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Chromosomes that are similar in structure and genetic composition |
| What is crossing over? | The exchange of genetic material between chromosomes in a homologous pair. This happens during Prophase I of Meiosis |
| What is a haploid cell? | When a cell consists of half of the total number of chromosomes. EX - a typical human cell has 46 chromosomes; a human haploid cell has 23 chromosomes |
| What is a diploid cell? | A cell with the total amount of chromosomes. Ex. a human haploid cell has 23 chromosomes (the sperm and cell cell); when they join they form a full cell consisting of 46 chromosomes |
| What is a gamete? | A haploid cell that joins w/ another haploid cell to form a zygote. Egg and sperm cells are gametes |
| What is a zygote? | A diploid cell that results from the joining of 2 gametes; a fertilized egg is a zygote |
| What is a blastocyst? | A hollow ball of cells that is formed after fertilization has occured. This is the stage and embryo is at when it implats into the endometrium of the uterus |
| What is the embryonic membrane - amnion? | it surrounds the embryo and later the fetus; it is a shock absorbing fluid-filled cavity |
| What is the embryonic membrane - yolk sac? | It stores organic nutrients; it later becomes part of the gut and umbilical cord |
| What is the embryonic membrane - chorion? | it surrounds other membranes; later forms part of the placenta |
| What is the embryonic membrane - allantois? | it stores wastes; later becomes part of teh umbilical cord |
| What is the embryonic tissue - ectoderm? | The embryonic skin and nervous skin |
| What is the embryonic tissue - mesoderm? | The embryonic circulatory, muscle and skeletal systems |
| What is the embryonic tissue - endoderm? | The embryonic lining of the digestive, respiratory and uninary system |
| What is the placenta? | Organ formed from the chorion and uterine wall; allows the embryo/fetus to acquire nutrients and rid itself of wastes. It also produces the hormones that regulate pregnancy |
| What is the umbilical cord? | The cord connecting the fetus to the placenta through which blood vessels pass |
| What is an embryo? | The name for the stage once the fertilized egg has implanted into the endometrium until the end of the second month when it then becomes a fetus |
| What is a fetus? | The name an embryo becomes after the second month. It is considered a fetus until birth, when it becomes a neonate (newborn baby) |
| What is a trimester? | The 9 months a woman is pregnant is split into 3 trimesters, each 12 weeks long |
| What is a gene? | An area of a chromosome composed of DNA that determines a trait |
| What is an allele? | A gene for a particular trait that can be in different forms. |
| What is dominant? | The allele that is expressed. Ex purple flower crossed with white comes out purple - purple is then dominant |
| What is recessive? | The allele that is not expressed. Ex - purple flower crossed with a white one comes out purple - white is then recessive |
| What is a phenotype? | The physical appearance of an organism |
| What is a genotype? | The combination of genes in an organism |
| What does homozygous mean? | When the genotypes have the same alleles. Ex FF is homozygous, so would be ff |
| What does heterozygous mean? | When the genotypes have different alleles. Ex Ff |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | When only one trait if being studied |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | The crossing of two traits and thus two pairs of genes |
| What is incomplete dominance? | the condition where heterozygous individuals have phenotypes intermediate between phenotypes of the homozygous individuals. Ex - R1R1 are red flowers, R2R2 are white flowers-when crossed they form R1R2 pink flowers |
| What is the most common example of a gene with multiple alleles (having more than 2 alleles)? | The gene that controls the ABO blood types |
| What does a nucleotide consist of? | nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group |
| Who were Watson and Crick? | The men who figured out the molecular structure of DNA in 1953 |
| What is the double helix? | It's like a twisted ladder. Watson and Crick's model of DNA structure |
| What are nucleotides? | the monomers that make up mucleic acids |
| What is a codon? | The code words on the mRNA which consist of a sequence of three bases |
| What is an anticodon? | a three-base sequence of the tRNA molecule that is complimentary to a codon of the mRNA |
| What is a homologous structure? | structures that are similar in basic form |
| What is adaptive radiation? | the diverance of species adapted to new diverse environments |
| What is a homologous gene? | Similar DNA sequences that code for the same kind of protein in different species |
| What is artifical selection? | selection of phenotypes by humans that has produced the diversity of domestic plants and animals |
| What is binary fission? | The division of prokaryotic cells by splitting in two |
| What are primary producers? | autotrophic organisms that are the 1st to make organic molecules in an ecosystem |
| What are decomposers? | heterotrophic organisms that breakdown organic molecules into small inorganic molecules such as CO2, H2O & NH3 |
| What are cyanobacteria? | blue-green algae. they are some of the most common primary producers in aquatic ecosystems |
| What is an algal bloom? | booms and bursts of algal popluations |
| What is a pathogen? | a disease-causing organism |
| In the Kingdom Protista, what is an Amoeba? | A unicellular heterotrophic prostist that "walks" along with pseudopodia or "fake feet". They get their nutrients thru ingestion and do not have a cell wall or any pigments |
| In the Kingdom Protista, what is an Euglena? | A unicellular autotrophic protist that has an eyespot htat detects light. They get their nutrients through photosynthesis and therefore is pigmented. They however lack a cell wall and move along with a flagellum or by cytoplasmic constractions |
| What is a pseudopodia? | "False feet" that move a unicellular organism to "crawl" along a solid surface |
| What are flagella? | Long whip-like structures that allow unicellular organisms to swim through an aquatic medium. |
| What are cilia? | small hair-like projections from the plasma membrane that are barely visible with the light microscope. |
| What are diatoms? | algae that live in "glass houses". The glass house of these unicellular algae are their cell walls that contain silicon dioxide (ie glass) |
| What is a plasmodium? | a giant cell that can have volume greater than a liter and contain thousands of nuclei (slime mold) |
| What is a hyphae? | Thread-like filaments that provide a large surface area for absorbing organic nutrients from the environment in which a fungus lives |
| What is mycelium? | A mass of hyphae |
| What is chitin and where is it located? | All members of the Kingdom Fungi have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of chitin |
| What is a spore? | Unicellular reproductive units that can be dispersed and can develop into new organisims |
| What are sporangium? | The place where spores are produced |
| What are lichen? | mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and an alga (ex. the rocks at Devils Lake). The fungus gets organic nutrients from the algae and the algae would die outside of the water if it wasn't for the fungus |
| What are Penicillium? | the genus of fungus from which we get the drug penicillin. It is also in blue cheese. Spores are borne of the ends of branced hyphae |
| What are antibiotics? | "Anti-life". a sustance produced by an organism that inhibits the growth of another species |
| What is mold? | In the Kingdom Fungi. The term is used for fungi whose hyphae form cottony masses. They act as decomposers (most commonly seen on old bread and fruit) |
| What is yeast? | In the Kingdom Fungi. The term is used for fungi that do no form hyphae. Most are unicellular or form a short chain of cells. They reproduce asexually by budding. |
| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm |
| What is the importance of mitotic cell divison? | It is necessary for the growth and development of multicellular eukaryotic organisms. And the repair and regeneration of tissues |
| What is fragmentation? | A way many multicellualr organisms can produce asexually. But cutting off fragments that can grow into whole new organisms (ex starfish, worms) |
| Define sexual reproduction | reproduction that involves fertilization and meiosis |
| Define fertilization | joining of two hapolid gametes to form one diploid zygote |
| Define gamete | A haploid cell that joins with another haploid cell to form a zygote; egg and sperm cells are gametes |
| Define zygote | A diploid cell that results from the joining of 2 gametes; a fertilized egg is a zygote |
| What is ovulation? | the release of an oocyte (egg cell) from the ovary |
| What are the 2 phases of a menstrual cycle? | Follicular phase and Luteal phase |
| When is the Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? | It starts with menstruation and ends with ovulation |
| When is the Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? | It starts after ovulation and last until the next menstruation |
| What are 3 birth control methods? | Methods that prevent ovulation, methods that block fertilization, methods that block implantation |
| What are examples of birth control that prevent ovulation by affecting the balance between estrogent and progesterone? | The pill, norplant |
| What are examples of birth control that block fertilization? | Surgical: vasectomy, tubal ligation - Barriers: condoms, diaphragm - Chemical; spermicides |
| What are example of birth control that block implantation? | IUDs, morning after pill |
| From fertilization to implantation, what are the stages a zygote goes through? | Fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, implantation |
| During the first week following fertilization of a zygote, what happens during cleavage? | Mitotic cell divisions resulting of a zygote resulting in the formation of a solid ball of cells |
| During the first week following fertilization of a zygote, what happens during blastulation? | Continued mitotic cell divisions and formation of a blastocyst (a hollow ball of cells) |
| During the 2nd week following fertilization extraembroyonic membranes begin to form. What are the 4 that form? | Amnion, Yolk sac, Chorion, and Alantois |
| During the 3rd and 4th week following fertilization embryonic tissues and origin of organ systems start to form. What are the main 3? | Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm |
| Who is the father of Classic Genetics? | Mendel |
| What were the early ideas of genetics? | That people got "blended" traits from their parents |
| What is Mendel's Principle of Segregation? | That each parent has a pair of genes for a particular trait. When gametes are produced a pair of genes separate. When gametes come together for form the next generation, a pair of genes is reestablished |
| What is Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment? | When gametes are produced, each pair of genes separates (assorts) independently of other pairs of genes |
| What is Incomplete Dominance? | When neither allele in a gene pair is clearly dominant; phenotypes of heterozygotes intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes (ex red flower and white flower make a pink flower) |
| What is codominance? | Having two different alleles expresses in a heterozygote |
| What is the definition of pleitropy? | One gene having an effect on more than one trait. (ex sickle cell effects red blood cell shape, blood circulation, hemoglobin...) |
| What is the definition of epistasis? | One gene having an effect on the expression of another trait. (ex. the gene controlling albinoism can "turn on" or "turn off" a different gene that controls fur color |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | many separate genes can effect the expressive of a single trait; they usually exhibit a continous variation (ex many human traits including skin color, eye color, weight, height, IQ) |
| What is continous variation? | Of a trait can be due to polygenic inheritance and to environmental factor |
| What are sex-linked traits? | traits determined by genes carried by the sex chromosomes (usuall on the X chromosome) |
| What is the definition of nondisjunction? | non separation (of chromosomes in meiosis - results in n+1 or n-1) |
| What happens in Downs Syndrome? | There is an extra chromosome 21 |
| What happens in Klinefelter Syndrome? | Males have an extra X (giving them XXY). They are generally sterile |
| What happens in Turner Syndrome? | Females only have one X (giving them XO). They are generally sterile |
| What is the definition of Classical Genetics? | The study of inheritance patterns in sexually reproducing eukaryotic organisms |
| What is the definition of Molecular Genetics? | The study of the structure and function of the molecules that act as genes |
| Who demonstrated that DNA and not protein determines the traits of bacterial cells? | Hershey & Chase |
| How did Hershey & Chase demonstrate that DNA and not protein determines the traits of bacterial cells? | They found that viral DNA can enter bacterial cells and control heritable traits |
| What is the definition of DNA structure? | Genes function as heritable units that can be copied and passes on from generation to generation |
| What are the 4 different nitrogenous bases in DNA? | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine |
| In DNA, what does the nitrogenous base Adenine "attach" to? | Thymine |
| In DNA, what does the nitrogenous base Cytosine "attach" to? | Guanine |
| What does DNA stand for? | Dioxyribose Nucleic Acid |
| How does DNA replicate itself? | The 2 strands of the helix separate and break at the hydrogen bonds. New nucleotides line up one by one next to complimentary nucleotides on the 2 original strands. Polymerase enzymes join the nucleotides together to form new strands |
| What is different between the structure of DNA and the structure of RNA? | DNA has a double helix. RNA is typically a single strand |
| What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA? | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil |
| What is the 5-carbon sugar in RNA? | Ribose |
| In RNA, what is the nitrogenous base Adenine "attracted" to? | Uracil |
| In RNA, what is the nitrogenous base Guanine "attracted" to? | Cytosine |
| What are the 2 kinds of RNA? | Messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do? | carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes; each mRNA molecule consists of a single strand with codons, the 3-base "code words" |
| What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do? | carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes; each tRNA molecule is a looped strand with an anticodon, 3-base "decoder sequence", and an amino acid attachment site |
| In the ribosomes, the coded information in mRNA is .... | translated into a protein |
| What are the 2 steps in Protein Synthesis? | Transcription and Translation |
| What happens during Transcription in Protein Synthesis? | the rewriting of DNA code as RNA. RNA poylmerase assemble nucleotides in a sequence complimentary to the ones on DNA. RNA recognized it |
| What happens during Translation in Protein Synthesis? | using the coded messages on mRNA to make protiens from amino acids |
| Where does translation occur? | In the ribosomes |
| What is the hierarchy of categories? | it organizes our knowledge about the similarites between different kinds of organisms |
| What are the 6 Kingdoms? | Kingdom Bacteria, Kingdom Archaea, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria? | Prokaryotic; Unicellular; obtain nutrients thru absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis; cell walls contain peptidoglycan |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Archaea? | Prokaryotic; Unicellular; obtain nutrients thru absorption, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis; usually lack cell walls |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Protista? | Eukaryotic; often unicellular, but sometimes simple multicellular forms; obtain organic nutrients thru ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis; Cells walls contain cellulose if they have one |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Fungi? | Eukaryotic; multicellular (except yeast that are unicellular); obtain nutrients thru absorption; cell walls contain chitin |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Plantae? | Eukaryotic; multicellular; obtain organic nutrients by photosynthesis |
| What are characteristics of Kingdom Animalia? | Eukaryotic; multicellular; obtain organic nutrients by ingestion |
| What did Charles Darwin believe with the theory of evolution? | similar species decended from common ancestors; modern species are different from their ancestors |
| What is phylogeny? | proposed evolutionary history for a group of different organisms |
| What is comparative biochemistry? | similarites in molecular structure of proteins & nucleic acids can be evidence of evolutionary relationship |
| _________ that result in major phenotypic changes can be passed on to future generations. | Mutations |
| Define saltation | mutations that result in major phenotypic changes can be passed on to future generations |
| What are the mechanisms for evolutionary change? | Inheritance of acquired characteristics; saltation; natural selection |
| What is 'Inheritance of acquried characteristics' and whose belief was it? | The phenotypic changes acquired during the life of individuals can be passes on to future generations; Lamarck |
| What is the definition of natural selection in the mechanisms for evolutionary change? | phenotypes that are better adapted to the environment are most likely to survive and reproduce so that future generations have those phenotypes |
| Who recognized that natural selection is much like artifical selection? | Darwin |
| Define Prokaryotes | organisms with prokaryotic cells |
| What 2 Kingdoms are Prokaryotes? | Kingdom Bacteria and Kingdom Archaea |
| Many prokaryotes in the Kingdom Archaea are extremophiles. What is an extremophile? | Lovers of extreme environmental conditions. They like high temps and high salt concentrations. Because of this is it very difficult to view live Archaea |
| What are the 3 very simple morophologies (shapes) of prokaryotic cells? | Cocci (circles); Bacilli (rod shaped); Spirilla (spiral shaped) |
| Are most prokaryotes considered heterotrophic or autotrophic? | Heterotrophic. Most get their nutrients through aborption. However, some are autotrophs getting their nutrients thru photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
| What are the importance of prokaryotes? | Decomposers, primary producers, symbionts, economic producers |
| How are decomposers important in the cycyling of matter in the ecosystem? | In the CARBON CYCLE their activity returns CO2 to the atmosphere. In the NITROGEN CYCLE their activities breakdown proteins and provide nitrogen in the form of ammonium to plants |
| What is a mutualistic symbiont? | symbionts that benefit from their hosts |
| What is a commensal symbiont? | Symbionts that neither benefit nor harm their host (ex most bacteria on the skin) |
| What is a parasitic symbiont? | Symbiont that harm their host (ex. pathogens) |
| How are bacteria economic producers? | food producers (yogurt, cheeses, vinegar); industrial chemicals (citric acid, amino acids, vitamins); pharmaceuticals (antibotics, steroids) |
| What is endosymbiosis? | association of symbiotic organism living within the cytoplasm of the cell of another organism. |
| What 2 parts of a cell could be considered an endosybiosis? | The mitochondria and chloroplasts probably originated as endosybionts in early eukaryotic cells |
| What is a Euglena? | A "typical" protist - eukaryotic; unicellular; hetertrophic; no cell wall; motile by flagella (also has an outer pellicle); has an "eyespot" to help "see" where the light is |
| What are the 3 artificial groups of Protists? | Protozoa; Fungus-like protists; Eukaryotic Algae |
| What is a Protozoa? | Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes w/o cell walls; obtain organic nutrients mainly by ingestion |
| What are Eukaryotic Algae? | photosynthetic, aquatic eukaryotes w/ simple structure; most have cellulose cell walls |
| An example of a Protozoa are... | Amoeba and Paramecium |
| How does the Protozoa Paramecium "move"? | Cilia |
| How does the Protozoa Amoeba "move"? | Pseudopodia |
| What is an example of Fungus-like Protists? | Slime mold |
| What is a plasmodium? | multinucleate cell able to move and ingest nutrients (ex slime mold) |
| What is a sporangium? | a structure that produces spores |
| How are Eukaryotic Algae classified? | by their photosynthetic pigments - There is "Golden Algae" "Brown Algae" "Red Algae" and "Green Algae" |
| What is the algal blooms caused by dinoflagellates called that kill fish and sicken humans? | Red Tides |
| What are examples in the Kingdom Fungi? | Mushrooms, molds and yeasts |
| Are Fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs? | Heterotrophs - they get their organic nutrients through aborption |
| How does Fungi commonly reproduce asexually? | Fragmentation and by Spores |
| Can Fungi reproduce sexually? | Yes. Cells can act as haploid gametes and joint to form diploid zygotes |
| What is more effective in breaking down cellulose in plane cells walls - Fungi or Bacteria | Fungi |
| What are lichens? | mutualistic symbioisis between a fungus and an alga. |
| What is mycorrhizae? | mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and the roots of plants |
| How are Fungi considered parasitic to humans? | yeast infections; althete's foot; jock itch; ringworm |
| How are Fungi considered major pathogens of plants? | dutch elm disease; corn smut; cedar-apple rust |
| How are Fungi economic producers? | yeast for baking and making alcohol; mushrooms to eat; blue cheese; antibiotics like penicillin; psychoactive drugs like LSD |
| What are the major steps in the Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle? | GnRH "turns on" the pit gland; anterior pit gland secretes FSH & LH; they stimulate a devel follicle to grow&produce increase amts of estrogen; estro&progest stimulate the endometrium; increasing estrogen stimulate rush of LH which stimulates ovulation |
| What are the major steps in the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle? | after ovulation the follicle devel into corpus luteum; which produces increas amts of progest to maintain endometrium |
| What happens in the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle if fertilization occurs? | horomones produced by devel embryo stimulate corpus luteum to cont production of estrogen & progesterone. high estrogen & progesterone levels maintain the endometrium during pregancy |
| What happens in the Luteal phase of the Menstrual Cycle if fertilization does NOT occur? | high progesterone levels inhibit the production of FSH and LH by the anterior pit gland. W/ low FSH and LH levels at the end of the cycle, the corpus luteum stops slow production of estro & progest. these lower levels lead to menstruation |
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juret7674