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Q1Microbiology
Worsham Q1 Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define microbiology | is defined as the study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms. |
| Describe the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms | the major, and extremely significant, difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, is that eukaryotic cells, is that eukaryote have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles while prokaryotes do not; |
| eukaryote | literally translates – true nucleus; |
| prokaryote | literally translates – before |
| Be able to identify the taxonomic hierarchy | Domain, Kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Describe the three primary domains | bacteria, archaea and eukarya |
| Describe the five kingdoms | prokaryote, potista, fungi, plant, animal |
| Describe binomial nomenclature | Scientific naming systems where we give organism two names,Genes; always first; always capitalized, both are italicized or underlined;Species, always second; lower case italicized or underlined; in notes follow the format |
| Bacteriology | The scientific study of bacteria, |
| Mycology | Greek for fugus mycology is the study of fungual organism, |
| protozoology | the study of protozoology’ protozoa disease i.e. malaria |
| rickettsiology | a type of bacteria; under the area of bacteria ; share characteristics of viruses; free living bacteria cells; do not need a host cell |
| Immunology | the study of the immune system and immunity (specific resistance)defend against a specific gene or species |
| Organelle | tiny organs |
| Nuclear Envelope | In eukaroyotic cells the dna is bound by a nuclear membrane |
| List the basic characteristics of bacterial cells | simple single celled organism, prokaryotic, kingdom is prokaryote or monera, one of three shapes, bacillus(rod)coccus(sphere)spiral, asexual |
| List the basic characteristics of rickettsia bacteria | generally involved an inset vector in disease transmission to a human host, Classified as a type of bacteria;Obligate intracellular parasite, can only reproduce in a host; cannot survive outside, causes typhus fever |
| List the basic characteristics of Chlamydia bacteria | Classified as a type of bacteria;Obligate intracellular parasite (carries how life cycle within a host cell so are not free living),Unique life cycle |
| List the characteristics of protozoa | singular protozoan, eukaryotes, most unicelluar, first formed animals, simplest of animals kingdom protista |
| List the characteristic of fungal organisms | yeast, unicelluar, oval, larger than bacteria, molds multicelluar, visible mass, singluar fungus , eukaryotes |
| List the characteristic of a virus | viewed with electron microscope, acellular, contains cucleci acid core either dna or rna, that is surrounded by a protein capsid, can only produce with host cell cannot live outside host, obilgate intracelluar parasite |
| List the characteristic of a prion | infectious protein, not a living organism, not a virus |
| Domain Bacteria | theses bacteria contain peptidoglycan (prokaryotic organism |
| Domain Archea | the cell walls of these bacteria lack peptidoglycan prokaryotic organism |
| Domain Eukarya | eukaryotic organism ; protists, fungi(molds & yeasts) plants and animals |
| Kingdom Prokaryote or Monera | prokaryote |
| Kingdom Protista | eukaryotic |
| Kingdom Fungi | eukaryotic |
| Kingdom Plant | eukaryotic |
| Kingdom Animal | eukaryotic |
| Pathogenic Microorganisms | disease-producing organisms |
| Peptidoglycan | bacteria are generally enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of this subtance |
| Peptides | amino acids (proteins) |
| Glycan | carbohydrates(sugars) |
| How does bacteria reproduce | reporduce by dividing into two equal daughter cells; asexual process; called binary fission or simple transverse division; you can estimate the 3 of bacterial at a certain time |
| What do most bacteria use for nutrition | use organic materials; heteotrophys, other feeder |
| Heterotrophs | other feeders |
| Autotrophys | self feeders |
| Plants using organic material from other sources to systhesis is an example of | Autotrophs |
| Flagella | some bacteria move by using these appendages |
| Pili/fimbriae | structures bacteria use for attachment |
| List the basic charateristics of Mycoplasma | not fungi because it is a bacteria; no bacterial cell wall; smallest free living organism; intermediate in size between most bacterial cells and viruses. |
| List the charateristics of Chlamydia | obigate intracellular parasiste, cannot survive outside the host |
| True or False viruses is not a bacterial cell | True |
| True or False CDJ degenerative nurlogical virus is always fatal | true |
| Tetrads | those cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four |
| Sarcinae | those spherical bacteria that divide in three planes and remain attached in cube like groups of eight |
| Staphylococci | cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike cluster |
| Diplobanilli | rod-shaped bacteria that divide across their short axis and remain in pairs after cell division |
| Streptobacilli | bacilli that divide across their short access and remain in chairs |
| Coccobacilli | rod-shaped bacteria that are oval and look so much like cocci and are called coccobacilli |
| Define morphology | is the study of shapes and form without regard to function |
| List the unit of measure most commonly used to report the size of bacterial cells. | micrometers 10-6, millinmeter, nanometer; most virus in nano 10-9; |
| List the three primary shapes of bacterial cells | spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral |
| What is the scientific name for a spherical shaped cell | cocci (s) coccus (pl) |
| What is the scientific name for a rod shaped cell | bacillilus (s) bacilli (pl) |
| What is the scientific name for a spiral shaped cell | Vibrio (s) Vibrioa (pl), Spirillum (s) Spirilla (pl), Spirochete (s) Spriochetes (pl) |
| Skin abscess – Staphylococcus aureus is an example of what shaped cell | Spherical |
| Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes is an example of what shaped cell | Spherical |
| Typhoid fever - Salmonella typhi is an example of what shaped cell | Rod-Shaped |
| Shigellosis – Shigella dysenteriae is an example of what shaped cell | Rod-Shaped |
| Anthraz - Bacillus anthracis is an example of what shaped cell | Rod-Shaped |
| Pneumococcal Pneumonia – Streptococcus pneumoniae is an example of what shaped cell | chain that is sphericial |
| What is the shape of a Vibrio (s) Vibrioa (pl), cell | spiral with a slight curve or twist |
| What is the shape of a Spirillum (s) Spirilla (pl) cell | spiral with a corkscrew shape; more rigid when in motion |
| What is the shape of a Spirochete (s) Spriochetes (pl) cell | spiral with a corkscrew shape; more flexible |
| Which cell shape uses a unique type of “flagella” movement called endofalgella or axiel failments | Spriochetes |
| Describe monomorphic vs pleomorphic bacterial cells and which term best describes the majority of bacterial cells | the shapes of cell is based on heredity, cells that are monomorphic don’t change shapes after cell division or generation, |
| What term do we use to describe bacteria cells that change shapes | pleomorphic cells What term do we use to describe bacteria cells that DON’T change shapes after cell division or generation |
| Genetically most bacterial cells are | monomorphic |
| The shape of a bacterial cell is determined by | heredity |
| What term describes a bacterial arrangement that remains in pairs after dividing | Diplococci |
| Which of the following is a glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the bacterial cell wall; enabling the bacterial cell to resist phagocytosis | Capsule |
| Which of the following is a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached | Slime layer |
| Which of the following terms describes an arrrangement of spherical bacterial cells that cling together in cubical packets after cell division | Sarcina |
| True or False, Genetically most bacterial cells are pleomorphic | False |
| True or False, Genetically most bacterial cells are monomorphic | True |
| What is the primary function for pili/fimbriae | Attachement |
| What is the primary function or Flagella | Movement |
| Which of the following is a comma-shaped or curved-spiral) bacterial cell | Vibrio |
| What is the Genus and species that produces pili/fimbriae structure | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Which of the following is a bacterial cell that has no bacterial cell wall | Mycoplasma pnemoniae |
| What is the Genus and species that produces a capsule structure | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| What is the arrangment of flagella if the bacterial have flagella at both poles ends of the bacterial cells? | Amphitrichous |
| What is the arrangement of flagella if the bacterial have flagella around the entire cell | Peritrichous |
| Waht is the arrangement of flagella if the bacterial have flagella around one end of the bacterial cell | Monotrichous |
| What apiral-shaped bacterial cells have a more flexible body when in motion | Spirochete |
| Which of the following term describes movement of bacterium towards or away a chemical stimulus | Chemotaxis |
| Which of the following terms describes movement of a bacterium towards or away a light stimulus | Phototaxis |
| Which bacteria is classifed as obligate intracellular parasistes | Chlamydia, Virus and Rickettsia |
| What is a key macromolecular network of the bacterial cell wall | Peptidoglycan |
| Having no bacterial cell wall is a charateristic highlighted for | Mycoplasma |
| What infectious particle that consists of a nucleic acid core either DNA or RNA that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid | Virus |
| What infectious protien is the causative agent of a fatal neurological disease known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? | Prion |
| Which domain contains prokaryotic organisms that would lack peptidoglycan in the structure of the cell wall | Archaea |
| Which kindgom would include molds and yeast | Fungi |
| Which is the correct taxonomical hierarchy | Domain, kingdom, division (phylum), class, order, family, genus, species |
| the method of a sexual production in bacteria is | binary fission |
| smallest animal | protoza |
| true fungi | yeast and mold |
| false fungi | bacteria |
| Not visible using a light microscope | viruses |
| Intermediate in size between virus and bacteria | rickettsia |
| that protoplasm found outside the nucleus | Cytoplasm |
| that material of which all living cells are composed | Protoplasm |
| material of inheritance | nuclear material |
| This structure function enhances virulence and is found outside the cell wall | Capsule |
| A protective device found inside the cell | Endospore |
| Exist in packets of eight | Sarcinae |
| Exist in clusters | Staphylococci |
| Exists in packets of four | Tetrads |
| Exists in pairs | Diplococci |
| Reproduce in a single plane to form chains | Streptococci |
| Dead organic material | Saprophytes |
| Parasites | living |
| Resolution | the ability to distinguish fine detail; resolving or magnification |
| Technique to apply color to bacterial cells to make them easier to view under the microscope | Gram –stain and Acid-fast stain |
| Discuss one value of the gram staining technique from a medical microbiology standpoint | Gram stain divides into to main groups; gram positive vs. gram negative; significance has to do with treatment of disease; more resistant to penicillin – |
| Discuss one value of the Acid-Fast staining technique from a medical microbiology standpoint | Medical micro biology used to identify organism of the genius micro bacteria; tuberculosis and leopardsy; has a high waxy or lipid content |
| Ocular lens power *objective lens power = | total magnification |
| which staining technique is more resistant to penicillin | gram negative |
| having one shape of a cell | monomorphic |
| having many shapes of a cell | plemorphic |
| bacteria shaped like a rod | bacillus |
| long, whiplike, filament-containing appendages that propeal bacteria | flagella |
| bacteria that are surrounded by an axial filament and have a shape similar to a flexible corkscrew | spirochete |
| bacteria shaped like a sphere are known as | coccus |
| bacteria with a spiral or helical shape | spirillum |
| a sticky, gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall of prokaryotic cells | glycocalyx |
| the study of all microscopic life forms is | microbiology |
| Describes the movement of bacteria through a medium | Motility |
| bacteria that require organic chemical compounds (glocuse and Starch) | strict heteotrophic |
| A think whip-like orrganelle of bacterial motility is the | flagellum |
| Diplococci appear | in pairs |
| the basic unit from which all living organism are made is the | cell |
| spherical shaped bacteria that form grape like clusters are called | staphylococci |
| the presence of a capsule may affect a bacterium by | increasing virulence |
| The size of bacteria is measured in a special unit called | a micrometer |
| The study of true fungi is called | mycology |
| an animal or plant of microscopic size is called a | microorganism |
| cocci, bacilli and spirilla are shapes of | bacteria |
| Living organism that are composed of a single cell are said to be | unicellular |
| Microscopic one-celled animals are called | protozoa |
| The bacteria which contain nuclear bodies are | Eucaryotic - true nucleus |
| The cytoplasm of the typical eucaryotic cell is separated from the nucleus by the | Nuclear membrane |
| The material of inherritance is contained within the? | Nuclear body |
| The celluar structure of molds are/is | multicellular |
| Which organisma are known as the true fungi? | yeast and molds |
| What is study of the smallest microscopic life form? | Virology |
| Which structure functions to protect the organism and to enhance its virulence? | Capsule |
| Which structure contains the material of inheritance? | Nucleic acid |
| Virsus are not classifed as | obligate saprophytes (dead) |
| Virus, Chlamydia and Rickettsia are all classified as | obligate intracellular parasistes (living) |
| What is a key macromolecular network of the bacterial cell wall | peptidoglycan |
| The osmotic soluation outside of a bacterial cell is a 25% sucrose solution. The concentration of the sucrose soluation inside the cell is 5%. The osomotic solution is ? and the cell may ? | Hypertonic - Shrink |
| Protein synthesis is the function of what bacterial structure | Ribosomes |
| A temporary storage depot for nutrients is the function of the | Inclusion body |
| Which bacterial cell walls would have less layers of peptidoglycan | Gram negative |
| Which bacterial cell walls would have more layers of peptidoglycan | Gram positive |
| The process of vegetative bacterial ceel becoming an endospore is called | Sporulation or Sporogenesis |
| What remains of the bacteria cell when a gram positive bacterial cell has been damaged by lyxozyme | protoplast |
| a semi permeable membrane and determining what substances enter and exit the bacterial cell is a function of the | Plasma membrane |
| What type of bacterial cell wall produces an ovter membrane with toxic properties | Gram negative |
| Which type of gram cell wall is more resistant after an enzye attack? | Gram negative |
| Which type of gram cell wall is more resitant to rupture before an enzyme attack? | Gram positive |
| What is spheroplast | the cell wall that remains after a gram negative cell wall is attacked by lysozyme |
| What is protoplastq | the wall cell that remains after a gram positive cell wall is attacked by lysozyme |
| Which gram positve bacteria form a specialized resting cells call endospores? | Clostidium and Bacillus |
| What type of acid would you find in a gram positve cell | Teichoic Acid |
| bacteria usually reproduces by | binary fission |
| Which organisms are known as the true fungi | yeasts |
| the study of the smallest microscopic life form is | virology |
| which structure functions to protect the organism and to enhance its virulence | capsule |
| the study of the true fungi is | mycology |
| an animal or plant of microscopic cize is called a | microorganism |
| cocci, bacilli and spirilla are shapes of | bacteria |
| living organisms that are composed of a single cell are said to be | unicellular |
| most pathogenic baterica are classified as | mesophiles |
| What is an example of a Genus and species that produces the axial filament structure | Treponema pallidum |
| Axial filaments is AKA | Endoflagella |
| Endospore formation is characteristic of the members of the genus | Clostridium |
| Endospore formation is characteristic of | Bacillus anthracis |
| Which organisms is capable of forming capsules when living as parasistes? | Stretococcus pneumoniae |
| Which diseases are caused by a spiral-shaped organism? | Syphilis |
| Syphilis is an infection caused by | Treponema pallidum |
| Those bacteria that prefer to live in the presence of free oxygen but can live in its absence are valled | facultative anaerobes |
| The temperature at which a species of bacteria grows best is | optimum temperature |
| An organism that can utilize inorganic matter (carbon dioxide) as food is called | autotrophic |
| An organism that can utilize organic matter (glucose & straches) as food is called | heterotrophic |
| A bacterium that prefers dead inorganic material, but can also obtain nourishment from living organic material is a(N) | facultative parasite |
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