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Micro q1
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Microbiology | The study of microorganisms and the effects on other organisms |
| What is the primary difference between a prokaryote and an eukaryote? | eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles while prokaryotes do not |
| What is the taxonomic hierarchy? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species |
| What are the three primary domains? | Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya |
| What are the five kindoms? | Prokaryote or Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal |
| What is binomeal nomenclature? | Scientific nomenclature that assigns each organism 2 names. Genus is first and always capitolized species is second and always lowercase. both are italisized or underlined. |
| Define bacteriology | scientific study of bacteria |
| Define mycology | scientific study of fungi |
| Define protozology | scientific study of protozoa |
| define rickettsiology | scientific study of rickettsia |
| define immunology | study of immunity and the immune system |
| What are the basic characteristics of bacteria cells? | simple single- celled organisms, prokaryotic, kingdoms of prokryote. generally in the shape of bacillus, coccus, or spiral |
| WHat are the basic characteristics of Mycoplasma bacteria? | no cell wall, smallest free- living organism, intermediate in size between most bacteria and viruses |
| What are the basic characteristics of Rickettsia bacteria? | generally involve an insect vector in disease transmission to a human host, obligate intracellular parasites, cannot survive outside host cell, cause disease known as typhus fever. |
| What are the basic characteristics of Chlymidia bacteria? | obligate in cellular parasites, can only reproduce within a host cell |
| What are the characteristics of a Protozoa? | Eukaryotes, most unicellular, first formed animals, kingdom protista |
| What are characterisics or fungal organisms? | eukaryotes, have a nucleaus containing DNA |
| What are characteristics of a virus? | viewed with a microscope, acellular, virus particle contains a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), obligate intracellular parasite. |
| list the characteristics of a prion | an infectious protein that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleaic acids, cause diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. (Creutfeldt- Jakob disease and mad cow disease. |
| What is a compound light microscope used for? | bacteria, viruses are too small |
| How do u calculate the total magnification of a compound light microscope? | multiply the occular lens power by the objective lens power |
| what is resolution? | the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail as structure |
| What are the two staining techniques discussed in class? | gram stain and acid fast stain |
| What is a value of gram staining? | Gram positive vs. Gram negative. this is significant to help with treatment. Gram negative end to be more resistant to penacillian |
| What is a value of acid fast staining? | used to identify bacteria from the mycobacterium genus. |
| what is morphology? | study of the shape and form without regard to function |
| What is the unit of measure commonly used to record size of bacteria cell? | micrometers |
| What are the three primary shapes of bacteria cells? | spherical, rod shaped, and spiral |
| what is the shape of a coccus bacteria? | sphereical |
| What is the shape of a bicillus bacteria? | rod shaped |
| What is the shape of a vibrios? | comma shaped |
| what is the shape of a spirillum? | helical and ridgid when in motion |
| what is the shape of a spirochete? | helical and flexible when in motion |
| What is the difference between monomorphic and pleomorphic? | monomorphic means the bacteria do not change shape and describes most bacteria. pleomorphic means they change shape. |
| what is the diplococci arrangement? | cocci remain in pairs after dividing |
| what is the streptococci arangement? | bacteria remain in chain like patterns after dividing |
| what is the tetrad arangement? | they divide inot 2 planes and remain in groups of 4 |
| what is the sarcinae arrangement? | divide into 3 planes and remain in groups of 8 in a cubelike |
| what is the staphlococci arrangement? | divide into multiple planes and form grape like clusters |
| what is the diplobaccili arrangement? | rod shaped bacteria that divide across their short axis and remain in pairs |
| what is the streptobaccili arrangement? | bacilli that divide across their short access and remain in chains |
| what is the coccbacilli? | rod shape bacteria that are oval and look like cocci |
| What is a capsule or slime layer? | the glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached externally to the cell wall |
| How does the capsule enhance virulence? | resisting phagocytes |
| what is anexample of something that produces a capsule? | streptococcus pnemoniae |
| What is a flagella? | whiplike projections that aid in motility |
| What is a single polar flagella called? | monotrichus |
| what is a flagella at both ends called? | amphitrichus |
| what are tufts of flagella at 1 end called? | lophotrichus |
| what is flagella that surround the entire surface called? | peritrichus |
| What is taxis? | the movement towards or away from a stimuli |
| what is the movement towards a light stimulus called? | phototaxis |
| what is the movement towards a stumili containing a chemical? | chemotaxis |
| What is a unique form of flagella produced by spirochetes? | axial filaments or endoflagella |
| What is the shape of the bacteria that produces endoflagella? | spirochetes |
| What is an example of a species that produces endoflagella? | treponeum pallidum which causes syphillis |
| What is a short bristle like appendage that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces? | pili or fimbriae |
| What is the function of pili? | attachment |
| What is an example of a species which produce pili? | neisseria gonorrhoeae which causes gonorrhea |
| What are the important characteristics of a cell wall? | prevent rupture, maintian shape, point of anchorage for flagella, contains peptidoglycan |
| which has more layers of peptidoglycan, gram positive or gram negative? | gram positive |
| what kind of digestive enzyme can do damage to a cell wall? | lysosome |
| what is a protoplast? | wall less cell (gram positive) |
| what is a spheroplast? | wall components and bacterial cell remain (gram negative) |
| what lies internal to the cell wall and encloses cytoplasm | plasma membrane |
| what is the function of the plasma membrane? | to determine what substances enter and exit the cell |
| what part of the cell controls passive and active processes? | plasma membrane |
| what form of transport goes from low to high concentration? | active transport |
| what form of transport goes high to low concentration? | passive transport |
| a net movement of molecules from high to low concentration is called what? | simple diffusion |
| when a substance combines with plasma membrane protein called a trasporter or protease and is transfered from high to low it is called what? | faccilitated diffusion |
| what is the simple diffusion of water when it moves solvent molecules high to low? | osomosis |
| when water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate and can reach equalibrium it is called what? | isotonic |
| when the concentration outside the bacteria cell wall is less concentrated making the cell wall swell or burst it is called what? | hypertonic |
| when the concentration is higher than inside the cell so the cell may shrivel up, collapse, or undergo plasmolysis it is called? | hypotonic |
| when the cell uses energy to move substances across the plasma membrane, usually from outside to inside, and moving from lower to higher concentration it is called what? | active transport |
| what is a special form of active transport used by prokaryotic cells where the substance is chemically altered during the transport process? | group translocation |
| where is cyotplasm located in the prokaryotic cells? | plasma membrane |
| where is cytoplasm located in the eukaryotic cells? | nuclear membrane |
| what is a major structure in the cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells | nuclear body or nuclear region or nucleoid |
| what is a primary function of ribosomes? | protein synthesis |
| what is the primary function of bacteria inclusion bodies? | reserve deposits; temporary storage structures. |
| what is an endospores shape? | rod shape |
| what is an endospore genus? | bacillus and clostridum |
| what are conditions that may cause andospore formation? | radiation, boiling drying, chemicals, lack or carbon or nitrogen, moisture |
| what is another name for endospore formation? | sporulation |
| what is the non= spore state of the endospore forming bacterium? | vegatative |
| what is the name of the process of an endospore returning to a vegatative state? | germination |
| is endospore formation for reproduction or protection? | protection |
| what is a bacteria that prefers cold? 0- 25C | psychrophile |
| what is a bacteria that thrives in moderate temperature? 25- 40 C | mesophile |
| what is a bacteria that thrives in high temperatures? 40- 70 C | thermophile |
| what is the optimum pH for bacteria growth? | around neautral between 6 and 8 |
| what is the pressure required to prevent the net flow of water across a semi- permiable membrane called? | osmotic pressure |
| where is osmotic pressure high? | embalming fluid |
| what is a self nourishing bacteria capable of growing in absence of organic compounds? | autotroph |
| what requires complex organic food from a carbon source to grow and develope? | heterotroph |
| what means having the ability to adapt to a certain enviroment? | obligate parasite |
| what means completely dependent on their host for things they need to survive? | obligate parasite |
| what is able to survive on dead decaying matter? | obligate saphrocyte |
| what means adapted to be able to grow in the presence of dead organic matter but prefer living? | facultative saphrocyte |
| what grows best at high CO2 concentrations? | capnophile |
| what is adapted to survie on living organic matter but prefers dead or decaying matter? | facultative parasite |
| what is an obligate aerobe? | needs oxygen to make energy. |
| what is a microorganism that can not live with oxygen? | obligate anerobe |
| what is a microaerophilic? | requires little free oxygen |
| what is a facultative anerobe? | it is adapted to surviving without oxygen but prefers oxygen |
| what is a facultative aerobe? | adapt to survival with oxygen but prefer no oxygen |
| what is the structural backbone to living matter? | carbon |
| what is needed for synthesis of cellular material? | nitrogen, sulfur, iron, copper, molydenum, and zinc |
| what is a bacterial colony? | a visible group of bacteria growing on a culture medium |
| what is a mixed colony? | more than 1 colony |
| what is a pure colony? | only one species |
| what is the required time for a cell to divide? | generation time |
| what is a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria which the cell splits in 2 parts and each developes into a complete identical cell? | binary fission |
| what is the formula for the bacterial growth calculation? | bf= bi * 2^n |
Created by:
kvulgaris