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23 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of _______ in the cerebrospinal fluid. | hydrogen ions |
| Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase cause | carbon dioxide to react with water |
| The term pulmonary ventilation refers to | mechanics of breathing |
| If the air we breathe contains 10 percent of Gas X, the partial pressure of Gas X is | 76 mm Hg |
| Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the | hilus |
| As blood enters the systemic capillaries | pO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues |
| The first respiratory branches after the trachea are called | primary bronchi |
| When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed? | oxyhemoglobin |
| The right lung has | 2 fissures and 3 lobes |
| Tidal volume is | the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing |
| During swallowing, the glottis is covered by | the epiglottis |
| Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produced by the dissociation of | carbonic acid |
| The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determined mainly by the | partial pressure of oxygen |
| In order for inspiration to occur, | alveolar pressure must decrease |
| Internal respiration occurs | between systemic capillaries and tissue cells |
| The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues | increases as blood pH decreases (acidity increases) |
| Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood | as part of a bicarbonate ion |
| The respiratory membrane consists of | two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes |
| In the lungs | PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries |
| Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of | surfactant |
| Eupnea refers to | a normal pattern of quiet breathing |
| The phrenic nerves innervate the | diaphragm |
| The vocal folds are found in the | larynx |
| Lung compliance is affected mainly by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the | amount of surfactant |
| The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the | medulla oblongata |
| Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of these cilia is to | move mucus toward the pharynx |
| During internal and external respiration, gases move by | diffusion |
| When the diaphragm lowers during breathing | volume in the thoracic cavity increases |
| A disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli is | emphysema |
| Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the _____ portion of the respiratory system. | conducting |
| We hold our breath when lifting a heavy object by closing off the opening of the larynx using the | ventricular folds (false vocal cords) |
| An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability or an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure leads to | pulmonary edema |
| The most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex is the | carina |
| The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the | alveolar duct |
| The function of alveoloar macrophages is | to remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces |
| _____________ Law states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present | Dalton's |
| The sum of the residual volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume is the | vital capacity |
| When we inhale | both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease |
| After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air? | inspiratory reserve volume |
| Although air contains about 79 percent nitrogen, very little of it dissolves in blood plasma because of its low solubility coefficient. This is an example of | Henry's law |
| _____________is a disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimui, and airway obstruction. Symptoms include chest tightness, coughing and wheezing. | asthma |
| Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried as | the bicarbonate ion |
| In normal, quiet breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration is determined almost entirely by the autorhythmic cells of the | inspiratory area |
| Is not a part of the upper respiratory system? | Trachea |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Lyrnx | voicebox |
| Trachea | windpipe |
| The nose connects with the pharynx through the? | Choanae |
| A passageway for air food and water | Pharynx |
| The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called | Fauces |
| This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea? | Epiglottis |
| During swallowing which structure rises? | Pharynx |
| Pitch is controlled by? | tension of the vocal cords |
| This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi? | Trachea |
| This is the primary gas exchange site? | Alveolus |
| Which tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Which tissues provide the function of the inner layer of the conduction organs? | Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
| The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called? | Carina |
| Which tissues form the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? | Simple Squamous epithelium |
| These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfacant? | Type II alveolar cells |
| This is direction of diffusion of gases capillaries near systemic cells? | Oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide into blood |
| This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs? | Oxygen into blood, Carbon Dioxide out of blood |
| Exhalation begins when? | Inspiratory muscles relax |
| This means the lungs and the chest will expand easily? | High Compliance |
| The conduction airway with the air that does not undergo respiratory exchange are known as? | Respiratory Dead Space |
| The Sum of Residual and the expiratory reserve volume? | functional residual capacity |
| not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? | Force of contraction of diaphragm |
| when bloog pH drops then the amount of Oxyhemoglogin _____ and oxygen delivery to the tissues cells? | Decreases, increases |
| A passage or opening, especially the external portion of the canal? | Meatus |
| A small potential space between visceral and parietal pleural | Pleural cavity |
| The superior portion of the pharynx, lying posterior to the nose and extending inferior to the soft palate | Nasopharynx |
| Cluster of chemorerecptors on or near the arch of aorta that respond to changes in blood levels of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Ions | Aortic Body |
| Receptors in the walls of blood vessels, airways, or organs that monitors the amount of stretching | Baroreceptors/ stretch receptors |
| The Trachea, bronchi, and their branching structures up to and including the terminal bronchi | Bronchial Tree |
| A part of the respiratory center in the pons that continually sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhaling and facilitating exhalation | Pneumotaxic area |
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