Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chap 14 micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are pathogens? | disease-causing microorganisms |
| how are pathogens disease-causing microorganisms? | they have special properties that allow them to invade the human body or produce toxins |
| when does a state of disease result? | when a microorganism overcomes the body''s defenses |
| what is pathology? | the scientific study of disease |
| what is pathology concerned with? | 1. etiology (cause) 2. pathogenesis (development) 3. effects of diseas |
| define etiology and pathogenisis | cause and development |
| what is an infection? | the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body |
| what is a host? | an organism that shelters and supports the growth of pathogens |
| what is a disease? | an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing normal functions |
| where in the body in animals, including humans, are usually germfree? | utero (uterus) |
| when do microorganisms begin colonization in and on surface of the body? | soon after birth |
| what make up normal microbiota? | microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or on the body without producing disease |
| what are transient microbiota? | microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear |
| what is the phenomenon known as microbial antagonism? | the normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection |
| what is symbiosis? | living together |
| true or false. normal microbiota and the host exist in symbiosis (living together) | true |
| what are three types of symbiosis (living together)? | 1. commensalism 2. mutualism 3. parasitism |
| what is commensalism? | one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected |
| what is mutualism? | both organisms benefits |
| what is parasitism? | one organism benefits, and one is harmed |
| what are opportunisitic pathogens? | pathogens that do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease under special conditions |
| what does it mean when there is cooperation among microorganism? | when one microorganism makes it possible for another to cause a disease or produce more severe symptoms |
| what is Koch's postulates? | are criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific disease |
| what are Koch's postulates 4 requirements? | 1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2. the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture 3. the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4. the pathogen must b |
| true or false. there are exceptions to Koch's postulates. | true |
| what cannot Koch's postulates be used for certain pathogens, such as HIV? | HIV is a disease caused in humans only |
| a patient exhibits symptoms. define the word symptoms. | subjective changes in body functions |
| a patient exhibits symptoms and signs. define the word signs. | measurable changes |
| a physician uses signs and symptoms to make a diagnosis. define the diagnosis. | identification of the disease |
| what does a physcian use to make a diagnosis? | signs and symptoms |
| define syndrome. | a specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease |
| how are communicable diseases transmitted? | directly or indirectly from one host to another |
| what is a contagious disease? | is a disease that is easily spread from one person to another |
| how are noncommunicable disease caused? | by microorganisms that normally grow outside the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another |
| how is disease occurence reported? | by incidence (number of people contracting the disease) and prevalence (number of cases at a particular time) |
| what does incidence mean when reporting disease occurence? | number of people contracting the disease |
| what does prevalence meand when reporting disease occurence? | the number of cases at a particular time |
| how are diseases classified by frequency of occurence? | 1. sporadic 2. endemic 3. epidemic 4. pandemic |
| what does sporadic mean in diseases classified by frequence of occurence? | disease occurs only occasionaly ex. typhoid fever in US |
| what does edemic mean in disease classified by frequence of occurence? | a disease constantly present in a population ex. common cold |
| what does epidemic mean in disease classified by frequence of occurence? | when many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period ex. influenza |
| what does pandemic mean in disease classified by frequence of occurence? | an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide (some authorities consider AIDS to be a pandemic) |
| how are the scope of a disease defined as? | 1. acute 2. chronic 3. subacute 4. latent |
| what is an acute disease? | one that developes rapidly but lasts only a short time ex. influenza |
| what is a chronic disease? | one that develops more slowly, and the body's reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods ex. Hep B, tuberculosis |
| what is a subacute disease? | a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic ex. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (a rare brain disease) |
| what is a latent disease? | is one in which the causitive agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease |
| what is herd immunity? | the presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population |
| what is a local infection? | when the body affects a small area of the body |
| what is systemic infection? | when the infection is spread throughout the whole body via the circulatory system |
| what is a primary infection? | is an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
| when does a secondary infection happen? | when the host is weakened by the primary infection |
| what is a subclinical (inapparent) infection? | one that does not cause any noticeable illness or signs of the disease ex. poiliovirus and hepatitis A can be carried by people who never developed the illness |
| what is a predisposing factor? | one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course a disease |
| what are examples of predisposing factors? | gender, climate, age, fatique, and inadequate nutrition |
| what is the incubation period? | the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms |
| what is the prodromal period? | a relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some disease |
| how is the prodromal period characterized? | characterized by the appearance of first mild signs and symptoms |
| what happens during the period of illness? | the disease is at its height, and all disease signs are apparent |
| what happens during the period of decline? | when the signs and symptoms subside |
| what happens during the period of convalescence? | the body returns to its prediseased state, and health is restored |
| what is a reservoir of infection? | a continual source of infection |
| what is a human reservoir of infection? | when people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic microorganism |
| what is zoonoses? | diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans |
| where else can some pathogenic microorganisms grow besides living reservoirs? | in nonliving reservoirs, such as soil and water |
| what is transmission by direct contact? | involves close physical contact between the source of the disease and a susceptible host |
| what is transmission by fomites (inanimate objects)? | involves indirect contact |
| what is droplet transmission? | tranmission via saliva or mucus in coughing or sneezing |
| what is vehicle transmission? | transmission by a medium such as water, food, or air |
| what is airborne transmission? | refers to pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than 1 meter |
| what is a nosocomial infection? | any infection that is acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home, or other health care facility |
| what is the percentage of acquire nosocomial infections of all hospitalized patients? | 5-15% |
| what type of gram bacteria is resposible for frequent causes of nosocomial infections? | opportunistic, drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria |
| what is responsible for nosocomial infections and when are they introduced into the body? | certain normal microbiota they are introduced through medical procedures such as surgery and catherization |
| what type of patients are the most susceptible to nosocomial infections? | patients with burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems |
| how are nosocomial infections are transmitted? | by direct contact between staff members and patients and between patients |
| what types of fomites can transmit nosocomial infections? | catheters, syringes, and respiratory devices |
| how can nosocomial infection be prevented? | aseptic techniques |
| who are responsible for overseeing the proper cleaning, storage, and handling of equipment and supplies to prevent hospital infections? | staff members |
| what is emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)? | new diseases and diseases with increasing incidences |
| where do emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) result from? | the use of antibiotics and pesticides, climatic changes, travel, lack of vaccinations, and improved case reporting |
| who is responsible for surveillance and responses to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)? | CDC, NHI, and WHO |
| what is epidemiology? | the study of transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease |
| who were responsible for the works of modern epidemiology in mid-1800s? | Snow, Semmelweis, and Nightingale |
| what is descriptive epidemiology? | data about infected people are collected and analyzed |
| what is analytical epidemiology? | a group of infected people is compared with an uninfected group |
| what is experimental epidemiology? | controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses are performed |
| what does case reporting provide? | data on incidence and prevalence to local, state, and national health officials |
Created by:
krystiedang