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Med. Term. Ch7
Medical Terminology for Health Professions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells; it also removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body; for descriptive purposes, it is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts | respiratory system |
| consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea | upper respiratory tract |
| consists of the bronchial tree and lungs | lower respiratory tract |
| what are the bronchial tree and lungs protected by? | thoracic cavity |
| the thoracic cavity is also known as what? | rib cage |
| air enters the body through the ________ and passes though the NASAL CAVITY, which is the interior portion of the nose | nose |
| a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections | nasal septum |
| a wall that separates two chambers | septum |
| the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris | cilia |
| the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems | mucous membranes |
| secreted by the mucous membranes, protects and lubricates these tissues | mucus |
| ________ is the name of the tissue; __________ is the secretion that flows from the tissue | mucOus; mucus |
| nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell; they are also important to the sense of taste; located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity | olfactory receptors |
| form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system | tonsils |
| air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull; these are connected to the nasal cavity via short ducts | paranasal sinuses |
| what means near? | para- |
| what means nose? | nas |
| located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can cause severe pain in this area | frontal sinuses |
| located in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves and an infection here can damage vision | sphenoid sinuses |
| the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones; an infection in these sinuses can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth | maxillary sinuses |
| located in the ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone | ethmoid sinuses |
| receives the air after it passes through the nose; made up of three divisions; also known as the throat | pharynx |
| the first division, is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth; this portion of the pharynx is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx | nasopharynx |
| nas/o means what? | nose |
| -pharynx means what? | throat |
| the second division, is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth; "this" is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx | oropharynx |
| or/o means what? | mouth |
| the third division, is also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems; air, food, and fluids continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus | laryngopharynx |
| laryng/o means what? | larynx |
| a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea | larynx |
| what is also known as the voice box? | larynx |
| the thyroid cartilage is commonly known as the what? | Adam's apple |
| a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs | epiglottis |
| the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest; its role is to transport air to, and from, the lungs; commonly known as the windpipe | trachea |
| what is also known as the windpipe? | trachea |
| formed where the trachea divides into two branches known as the primary _______ | bronchi |
| within the lung, each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller ____________, which are the smallest branches of the bronchi | bronchioles |
| the very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole; each lung contains millions of "these" that are filled with air from the bronchioles | alveoli |
| the organs of respiration, are divided into lobes | lungs |
| a subdivision or part of an organ | lobe |
| has three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior | right lung |
| has only two lobes: the superior and inferior; it is slightly smaller than the right lung because of the space taken up by the heart | left lung |
| the lungs produce a detergent-like substance, known as a ___________, which reduces the surface tension of the lungs; this allows air to flow over the lungs and be absorbed more easily | surfactant |
| the cavity located between the lungs: this cavity contains connective tissue and organs, including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes | mediastinum |
| a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage | pleura |
| the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung | parietal pleura |
| what means relating to the walls of a cavity? | parietal |
| the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung | visceral pleura |
| what means relating to the internal organs? | visceral |
| the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes; this space contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing; also known as the pleural space | pleural cavity |
| the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen; it is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible | diaphragm |
| stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract | phrenic nerves |
| the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life | respiration |
| a single respiration consists of ____ (#) inhalation and ____ (#) exhalation | 1 and 1 |
| the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; this action causes the thoracic cavity to expand; this produces a vacuum within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs | inhalation |
| the act of breathing out; as the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower; this action forces air out of the lungs | exhalation |
| the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air | external respiration |
| the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues | internal respiration |
| a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck; also known as an ENT | otolaryngologist |
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues | pulmonologist |
| ot/o means what? | ear |
| pulmon means what? | lung |
| a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe; in this condition, damage to the bronchi partially obstructs them, making it difficult to get air in and out; also known as COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| the airways have become inflamed and thickened, and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells; this results in excessive mucus production, which in turn causes coughing and difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs | chronic bronchitis |
| bronch means what? | bronchus |
| the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by (1) a decrease in the total number of alveoli, (2) the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and (3) the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli | emphysema |
| a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. | asthma |
| a breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway | wheezing |
| the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus; this usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens | airway inflammation |
| a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut | bronchospasm |
| bronch/o means what? | bronchi |
| what means involuntary contraction? | -spasm |
| are the narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion; this also can be due to cold weather or allergies | exercise-induced bronchospasms |
| such as inhaled corticosteroids, are taken daily to prevent attacks; these medications help to control inflammation and to stop the airways from reacting to the factors that trigger the asthma | controller medicines |
| are taken at the first sign of an attack to dilate the airways and make breathing easier; these medications are known as bronchodilators | quick-relief or rescue medicines |
| UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS and ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS are among the terms used to describe the _________ ________ | common cold |
| an upper respiratory infection can be caused by any one of ____ (#) different viruses | 200 |
| an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus; commonly referred to as an ALLERGY | allergic rhinitis |
| an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough | croup (KROOP) |
| now largely prevented through immunization, is an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract | diphtheria |
| the ___________ bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves | diphtheria |
| bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders; also known as a NOSEBLEED | epistaxis (ep-ih-STACK-sis) |
| an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months; there are many strains of "this" virus; some strains can be prevented by annual immunization | influenza |
| what is also known as the FLU? | influenza |
| a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration; AKA whooping cough | pertussis |
| what means sudden or spasm-like? | paroxysmal |
| the watery flow of mucus from the nose; also known as RUNNY NOSE | rhinorrhea |
| rhin/o means what? | nose |
| what means abnormal discharge? | -rrhea |
| an inflammation of the sinuses | sinusitis |
| an inflammation of the pharynx; also known as a SORE THROAT | pharyngitis |
| paralysis of the larynx | laryngoplegia |
| laryng/o means what? | larynx |
| -plegia means what? | paralysis |
| the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx | laryngospasm |
| the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds | aphonia |
| what means voice or sound? | phon |
| -ia means what? | abnormal condition |
| any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakens, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty | dysphonia |
| an inflammation of the larynx; this term is also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by thin inflammation | laryngitis |
| bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea | tracheorrhagia |
| trache/o means what? | trachea |
| -rrhagia means what? | bleeding |
| an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi | bronchorrhea |
| bronch/o means what? | bronchus |
| an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath; "this" can be caused by influenza or by damage to the lung beneath the pleura | pleurisy, AKA pleuritis |
| pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements | pleurodynia |
| pleur/o means what? | pleura |
| -dynia means what? | pain |
| the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse | pneumothorax |
| what means lung or air? | pneum/o |
| -thorax means what? | chest |
| the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; this produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding | pleural effusion |
| the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissue or into a body cavity | effusion |
| a collection of blood in the pleural cavity; this condition often results from chest trauma, such as a stab wound, or it can be caused by disease or surgery | hemothorax |
| coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage | hemoptysis (hee-MOP-tih-sis) |
| -ptysis means what? | spitting |
| the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane | pyothorax, also known as empyema of the pleural cavity |
| a collection of pus within a body cavity | empyema |
| not a specific disease; instead, it is a form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult; this syndrome is caused by trauma, sepsis, diffuse (wide spread) pneumonia, or shock | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing | atelectasis (at-ee-LEK-tah-sis) |
| what means incomplete? | atel |
| what means stretching or enlargement? | -ectasis |
| unable to extend to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis | collapsed lung |
| an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues | pulmonary edema |
| edema means what? | swelling |
| bleeding from the lungs | pneumorrhagia |
| pneum/o means _______ and -rrhagia means _________ | lungs; bleeding |
| an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other parts of the body | tuberculosis (TB) |
| a dangerous form of tuberculosis because the germs have become resistant to the effect of the primary TB drugs | multidrug-resistant tuberculosis |
| a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid; two types named for the parts of the lungs affected | pneumonia |
| a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli | bronchopneumonia |
| what means bronchial tubes? | bronch/o |
| affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung | lobar pneumonia |
| is lobar pneumonia involving both lungs, and is usually a form of bacterial pneumonia | double pneumonia |
| can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs | aspiration pneumonia |
| means inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract | aspiration |
| often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination | bacterial pneumonia |
| a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae; it is sometimes reffered to as WALKING PNEUMONIA because often the patient is not bedridden | mycoplasma pneumonia |
| an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |
| caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias | viral pneumonia |
| a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures; these lung conditions lead to a reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood | interstitial lung diseases |
| means pertaining to between, but not within, the parts of a tissue | interstitial |
| another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli | interstitial fibrosis |
| a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue | fibrosis |
| fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contact | pneumoconiosis |
| what means dust? | coni |
| caused by coal dust in the lungs; also known as coal miner's pneumoconiosis or black lung disease | anthracosis |
| anthrac means what? | coal dust |
| caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos | asbestosis |
| asbest means what? | asbestos |
| caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory; also known as brown lung disease | byssinosis |
| caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting | silicosis |
| what means glass? | silic |
| the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing; this condition can be caused by autoimmune disorders, infections, dust, gases, toxins, and some drugs | pulmonary fibrosis |
| a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus | cystic fibrosis |
| the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung; important risk factors include tobacco smoking and inhaling second-hand smoke | lung cancer |
| a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells | sputum cytology |
| describes abnormal changes in the rate or depth of breathing | breathing disorders |
| easy or normal breathing; this is the baseline for judging some breathing disorders | eupnea |
| what means good? | eu- |
| what means breathing? | -pnea |
| the absence of spontaneous respiration; the opposite of eupnea | apnea |
| a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long-enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels | sleep apnea syndromes |
| can be a symptom sleep apnea, is noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate during sleep | snoring |
| an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute; the opposite of tachypnea | bradypnea |
| an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute; the opposite of bradypnea | tachypnea |
| a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea | Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| is difficult or labored breathing; "this" is frequently one of the first symptoms of heart failure; it can also be caused by strenuous physical exertion or can be due to lung damage that produces "this" even at rest | dyspnea, also known as Shortness of Breath |
| what is also known as shortness of breath? | dyspnea |
| tachy- means what? | rapid |
| commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest | hyperpnea |
| shallow or slow respiration | hypopnea |
| an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety | hyperventilation |
| -ventilation means what? | breathing |
| occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs, commonly known as choking | airway obstruction |
| the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues; if "this" occurs for more than 4-6 minutes, irreversible brain damage can occur | anoxia |
| condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function; in this life threatening condition, O2 levels in the blood drop quickly, CO2 levels rise, & unless the patient's breathing is restored w/in a few min, death or serious brain dam. | asphyxia |
| any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia, also known as suffocation | asphyxiation (suffocation) |
| a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen | cyanosis |
| the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood | hypercapnia |
| what means carbon dioxide? | capn |
| a condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the blood; less severe than anoxia | hypoxemia |
| condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; however it is less severe than anoxia | hypoxia |
| condition that can be brought on by the decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet | altitude hypoxia, AKA altitude sickness |
| a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high | respiratory failure |
| damage to the lungs in which particles fro a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases | smoke inhalation |
| the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year; this happens more often among babies who sleep on their stomach; infants should sleep on their side or back; AKA crib death or SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope | broncoscopy |
| a flexible, fiber optic device that is passes through the nose and down the airways; it can also be used for operative procedures, such as tissue repair, or the removal of a foreign object | bronchoscope |
| a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis and emphysema; also known as a chest x-ray | chest imaging |
| the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynx | laryngoscopy |
| what means a direct visual examination? | -scopy |
| a simpler version of a laryngoscopy in which the larynx is viewed by shining a light on an angled mirror held at the back of the soft palate | mirror laryngoscopy |
| handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air | peak flow meter |
| measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea; also known as a sleep apnea study | polysomnography |
| what means sleep? | somn/o |
| a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer; these tests are measured against a norm for the individual's age, height, and sex | pulmonary function tests |
| a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath | spirometer |
| an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood | pulse oximeter |
| ox/i means what? | oxygen |
| what means to measure? | -meter |
| in a normal pulse oximeter reading, ____% - _____% of the blood is saturated by oxygen | 95-100% |
| phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes | sputum |
| thick mucus secreted by teh tissues lining the respiratory passages | phlegm |
| a screening test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria | tuberculin skin testing |
| considered a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis; a very small amount of PPD tuberculin (a purified protein derivative) is injected just under the top ayer of the skin on the forearm; the site is checked for a reaction 48-72 hrs later | mantoux PPD skin test |
| administered to prevent or relieve coughing; commonly known as cough medicine | antitussive |
| what means cough? | tuss |
| -ive means what? | performs |
| a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs; at the first sign of an asthma attack, the patients uses a metered-dose inhaler to self-administer the ______________. | bronchodilator |
| mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant | metered-dose inhaler |
| pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouth piece | nebulizer, AKA an atomizer |
| the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway | endotracheal intubation |
| trache means what? | trachea |
| the insertion of a tube, usually for the passage of air or fluids | intubation |
| a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is related by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus | functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) |
| the surgical removal of the larynx | laryngectomy |
| the surgical repair of the larynx | laryngoplasty |
| the surgical repair of the pharynx | pharyngoplasty |
| a surgical incision of the pharynx | pharyngotomy |
| the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum | septoplasty |
| sept/o means what? | septum |
| the surgical repair of the trachea | tracheoplasty |
| the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions; placement of this tube can be temporary or permanent | tracheostomy |
| means a surgically created opening on a body surface | stoma |
| what means surgically creating an opening? | -ostomy |
| usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage | tracheotomy |
| what means surgical incision? | -otomy |
| the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung; this term is also used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or thyroid gland | lobectomy |
| lob means what? | lobe |
| what means surgical removal? | -ectomy |
| the surgical removal of part of the pleura | pleurectomy |
| the surgical removal of all or part of a lung | pneumonectomy |
| pneumon means what? | lung |
| the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity; this procedure is performed for diagnostic purposes or to drain excess fluid from severe pleural effusion | thoracentesis |
| the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity; this procedure is performed to establish drainage of empyema, which is pus in the pleural space | thoracostomy |
| a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung; this surgery involves cutting b/t the ribs on one side of the thorax and then removing the affected portion of the lung | thoracotomy |
| the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions; this procedure is used to obtain biopsy specimens to diagnose certain types of pneumonia, infections, or tumors of the chest wall | video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) |
| a specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax | thoracoscope |
| a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety, also known as abdominal breathing | diaphragmatic breathing |
| what does CPAP stand for? | Continuous Positive Airway Pressure |
| this treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway; does not cure sleep apnea, it does reduce snoring & prevents dangerous apnea disturbances | CPAP device, AKA a positive pressure ventilation device |
| an apparatus for administering artificial respiration is cases of respiratory failure | respirator |
| the term _______________ also refers to any device that controls the quality of teh air a person inhales | respirator |
| a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function; "this" forces air into the lungs- exhalation takes place passively as the lungs contract | ventilator |
| administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood | supplemental oxygen |
| a small tube that divides into two nasal prongs | nasal cannula |
| allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen | rebreather mask |
| allows higher levels of oxygen to be added to the air taken in by the patient | non-rebreather mask |
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heartashley