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anatomy/respiratory
respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| called the windpipe, it is a strong cartilaginous tube that conducts air to and from the lungs | trachea |
| respiratory structure that communicates with the middle ear by the eustachian tube | pharynx |
| the adams apple or thyroid cartilage is most associated with this structure | larynx |
| the epiglottis directs food and water from the respiratory passages into this structure | esophagus |
| called the throat | pharynx |
| called the voice box because it contains the vocal cords | larynx |
| the point at which the trachea bifurcates (splits); the area is extremely sensitive and elicits coughing when stimulated (as in suctioning with a catheter) | carina |
| located between the larynx and the bronchi and in front of the esophagus | trachea |
| composed of three parts: naso-, oro- and larygo- | pharynx |
| large tube that splits into bronchi | trachea |
| these small structures located within the bronchial tree are composed primarily of smooth muscle | bronchioles |
| the exchange of respiratory gases between air and blood occurs here | alveoli |
| large, soft, cone-shaped organs that contain the respiratory passages and pulmonary capillaries; they fill nost of the thoracic cavity | lungs |
| because of smooth muscle, this structure can contract and relax, thereby causing constriction and dialation | bronchioles |
| the olfactory receptors are located within these cavities | nasal cavities |
| mucus drains into the nasal cavities from these structures located in the head | paranasal sinuses |
| the trachea splits into the right and left | bronchi |
| small respiratory passages that deliver oxygen to the alveoli | bronchioles |
| structures partially encircled by the pulmonary capillaries | alveoli |
| called the resistance vessels | bronchioles |
| structures that contain surfactants | alveoli |
| separated by the nasal septum | nasal cavities |
| the space between the vocal cords | glottis |
| respiratory structure with the largest cross-sectional area; designed for gas exchange | alveoli |
| membrane on the outer surface of each lung | visceral pleural |
| space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes; also called a potential space | intrapleural space |
| muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| area between the two lungs; contains other thoracic structures such as the heart, large blood vessels, and the trachea | mediastinum |
| dome-shaped muscle that is the chief muscle of inhalation | diaphragm |
| for the lungs to remain expanded, the pressure must be negative within this area | intrapleural space |
| contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity and mediastinum | thoracic cavity |
| skeletal muscles between the ribs, they move the rib cage up and out during inhalation | intercostals |
| a pneumothorax occurs when air enters this area | intrapleural space |
| motor nerve that stimulates the diaphragm | phrenic |
| a combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume; about 4600 ml | vital capacity |
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume; about 1200ml; this air cannot be exhaled | residual volume |
| an instrument that measures pulmonary volumes | spirometer |
| the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath; the average is 500 ml | tidal volume |
| the amount of air you can inhale after a normal inhalation; about 3000 ml | inspiratory reserve volume |
| a pulmonary capacity that is the maximal amount of air exhaled following maximal inhalation | vital capacity |
| the additional volume of air you can exhale after a normal exhalation | expiratory reserve volume |
| the volume of air you move during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume |
| the air that remains in the conduction spaces of the respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles); it is unavailable for exchange (about 150 ml) | dead air |
| the following are instructions for its use; "take the deepest breath possible. Exhale all the air you possibly can into this tube" | spirometer |
| what is the least descriptive of the alveoli | contains smooth muscle |
| bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli | are located within the lungs |
| the epiglottis prevents | food and water from entering the respiratory passages |
| what refers to the amount of air maximally exhaled following maximal inhalation | vital capacity |
| the trachea does not collapse because it is | composed of tough cartillaginous rings |
| in the absence of surfactants | it is difficult to open the airways |
| what is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles | increased the volume of the thoracic cavity |
| the phrenic nerve | stimulates the diaphragm to contract |
| which transport mechanism causes the respiratory gasas to move across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membrane | diffusion |
| why does a stab wound to the chest cause the lung to collapse | the intrapleural pressure increases |
| what does Boyle's Law state | when volume increases, pressure decreases |
| how is most oxygen transported in the blood | by hemoglobin |
| how is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood | as bicarbonate |
| the medullary respiratory control center | is sensitive to the depressant effects of opioid (narcotics) |
| an increase in blood ______________ is most likely to increase the rate of breathing | CO2 |
| what is the consequence of a severed spinal cord at the level of C2 | quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis |
| who has a dome-shaped belly | Di A Phragm |
| what is true about the aging respiratory system | by age 70, vital capacity has decreased about 33% |
| what is the effect of left lower lobar pneumonia and atelectasis on breathing | the are fewer alveoli available for gas exchange |
| what is the underlying cause of a fever | infection |
| what is coughing | the body's attempt to clear the respiratory passages |
| Ordering of Ventilation (inhalation and exhalation) | |
| 1. the inspiratory neurons in the brain fire action potential (nerve impulses) | |
| 2. the nerve inpulses travel along the phrenic and intercostal nerves to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles | |
| 3. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract, thereby enlarging the thoracic cavity. 4. pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonic pressure) decreases | |
| 5. air moves into the lungs (air is inhaled) | |
| 6. the phrenic and intercostal nerves stop firing | |
| 7. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax | |
| 8. thoracic volume decreases | |
| 9. the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonic pressure) increases | |
| 10. air leaves the lungs (air is exhaled) | |
| what respiratory tubes are composed of smooth muscle and determine the flow of air to alveolar sacs | bronchioles |
| what does trachea branch into | right and left bronchi |
| oxygen diffuses from alveoli into | pulmonary capillaries |
| what nerve intervates the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| what kind of muscle is the diaphragm made up of | skeletal |
| what kind of membranes are your pleural membranes | serous membranes |
| what action is responsible for inhalation | diaphragm contracting |
| what neurotransmitter is released into the neuromuscular junction | ACH |
| what is difficulty breathing | dyspnea |
| what is the adams apple made of | cartillage |
| what happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles collapse | exhale |
| what is eupnea | normal breathing |
| how is most oxygen transported through the blood | hemoglobin |
| what does bronchiole constriction cause | wheezing sound |
| where are surficants found | within the alveoli |
| What regulates respiratory activity | PCO2 |
| what part of the brain controls respirations | medulla oblongata |
| hypoventilation decreases the output of what | CO2 |
| what can hypoventilation cause | hypoxemia and acidosis |
| what is most likely to cause hypoxemia | depression of medulla oblongata |
| what is the basis of Boyle's Law | ventillation |
| What is Boyle's Law | relationship between volume and pressure |
| for lumgs to remain expanded the intrapleural pressure is | negative |
| what contributes to the wheezing of asthma | bronchiolar constriction of smooth muscle |
| where is antatomic dead air space | trachea, bronchi and bronchioles |
| what does relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles cause a decrease in | thoracic volume |
| diffusion is the transport mechanism that transports | which transport mechanism causes the respiratory gasas to move across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membrane |
| what is the affect of a narcotic | depresses respiration |
| what interferes with diaphragm activity | curare |
| what are laryngospasms most likely to cuase | acute respiratory obstruction |
| what happens with atelectisis | surface area for gas exchange decreases |
| what causes respiratory distress in a preterm infant | deficiency in surficants |
| hemoglobin that contains oxygen | oxyhemoglobin |
| hemolglobin that contains both oxygen and carbon dioxide | carbinohemoglobin |
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