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Skull
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many bones does the skull have | 22 |
| how many cranial bones are there; name them | 8; frontal, occipital, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| how many facial bones are there | 14 |
| the cranial bones are divided into these two categories | calvaria and floor |
| these form a protective housing for the brain | cranial bones |
| these provide structure, shape, and support for the face and with several of the cranial bones form the orbital socket | facial bones |
| these are fibrous joints of the bones of the cranium and face | sutures |
| name the 4 sutures | coronal, sagittal, squamosal, lamboidal |
| this suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones | coronal suture |
| this suture is located on top of the head between the two parietal bones and just behind the coronal suture line | sagittal suture |
| the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures | Bregma |
| this suture is between the temporal bones and the parietal bones | squamosal |
| this suture is between the occipital bone and the parietal bones | lamboidal |
| the junction of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures | lambda |
| the lateral aspect of the skull, the junction of the parietal bone, squamosal suture, and greater wing of the sphenoid | pterion |
| at the junction of the occipital bone, parietal bone, and mastoid portion of the temporal bone | Asteron |
| these are incomplete ossifications, how many? name them | fontanels; 6; anterior, posterior, 2 sphenoidal, 2 mastoid |
| these fontanels close in the first 3 months | posterior and sphenoidal fontanels |
| these fontanels close during the second year of life | anterior and mastoid |
| when is the skull adult size? | age 12 |
| the cranial floor is divided into these 3 regions | anterior, middle, posterior |
| what shape is the cranium? | oval, wider in back than in front |
| what is the measurement of the skull side to side? front to back? vertex to submental region? | 6", 7", 9" |
| how much deviation in the size of the skull requires either part rotation or ray angulation | 1" |
| this cranial bone has a vertical portion and horizontal portions | frontal bone |
| this is the vertical portion of the frontal bone that forms the forehead and the anterior part of the vault | squama of frontal bone |
| this part of the frontal bone is a rounded elevation on each side of the midsagitatal plane of the superior portion of the squama | frontal eminence |
| these are two arched ridges that correspond in position to the eyebrows below the frontal eminences and above the supraorbital margins | superciliary arches |
| the smooth elevation between the superciliary arches of the frontal bone | glabella |
| these are situated between two tables of the squama on each side of the midsagittal plane, they are irregularly shaped and separated by a bony wall | frontal sinuses |
| this is the midpoint of the frontonasal suture | nasion |
| what bones does the frontal bone articulate with (4) | right and left parietals, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| the most superior component of the bony nasal septum | nasal spine |
| this bone is a small, cube-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal plate, a vertical plate, and two light, spongy lateral masses called labrynths | ethmoid bone |
| this bone is situated between the orbits, and forms part of the anterior cranial fossa, the nasal cavity and orbital walls and the bony nasal septum | ethmoid bone |
| this is the horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone | cribiform plate |
| this is a thick conical process on the cribiform plate which projects superiorly from its anterior midline and serves as the anterior attachment for the falx cerebri | crista galli |
| this is the vertical portion of the ethmoid bone that forms the superior portion of the bony septum of the nose | perpindicular plate |
| these contain the ethmoid sinuses or air cells, they are arbitrarily divided into 3 groups, what are they? | labyrinths, anterior, middle, posterior |
| what bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with (2) | frontal and sphenoid |
| this pair of bones are somewhat square and have a convex external surface and a concave internal surface, they form a large portion of the sides of the cranium, they also form the posterior portion of the cranial roof | parietal bones |
| a prominant bulge on each parietal bone, near the center | parietal eminence |
| what bones do each paretal bones articulate with? (6) | frontal, 2 temporals, occipital, sphenoid, and opposite parietal bone |
| this bone consists of body, 2 lesser wings, 2 greater wings, 2 pterygoid processes | sphenoid bone |
| this part of the sphenoid bone contains 2 sphenoidal sinuses | body |
| a deep depression on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland | sella turcica |
| this part of the sphenoid bone lies in the midsagittal plane of the cranium, 3/4" anterior and 3/4" superior to the level of the EAM | sella turcica |
| this is bounded anteriorly by the tuberculum sellae and posteriorly by the dorsum sellae | sella turcica |
| the anterior portion of the sella turcica | tuberculum sellae |
| the posterior portion of the sella turcica | dorsum sellae |
| the two processes on the dorsum sellae | posterior clinoid processes |
| this portion of the sphenoid extends across the anterior portion of the tuberculum sellae, it ends on each side of the optic canal | optic groove |
| the opening in the sphenoid bone for the passage of the optic nerve | optic foramen |
| triangular in shape, and nearly horizontal in position, arise one on each side from the anterosuperior portion of the body of the sphenoid and project laterally, ending in sharp points, they form the posteromedial portion of the roofs of the orbits | lesser wings |
| these arise from the sides of the body of the sphenoid bone and curve laterally, posteriorly, anteriorly and superiorly. they form the posterlateral walls of the orbits | greater wings |
| these processes arise from the lateral portions of the inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone | pterygoid processes |
| these processes articulate with the palatine bones anteriorly and with the wings of the vomer, where they enter into the formation of the nasal cavity | pterygoid processes |
| the sphenoid articulates with what other bones | all other 7 cranial bones |
| this cranial bone is situated at the posteroinferior part of the cranium | occipital bone |
| what are the 4 parts of the occipital bone | squama, 2 occipital condyles, basilar portion |
| this is a large aperture through which the inferior portion of the medulla oblongata passes | foramen magnum |
| this portion of the occipital bone curves posteriorly and superiorly from the foramen magnum and is also curved from side to side | squama |
| this portion of the occipital bone articulates with the parietal bones at the lambdoidal suture and with the mastoid portions of the temporal bones at the occipitomastoid sutures | squama |
| is is a prominent process on the external surface of the squama of the occipital bone | occipital protuberance |
| these project anteriorly one on each side of the squama for articulation with the atlas of the cervical spine | occiptal condyles |
| the only articulations between the skull and the neck | occipitoatlantal joints |
| this portion of the occiptal bone curves anteriorly and superiorly to its junction with the body of the sphenoid | basilar portion |
| the sloping surface of the junction between the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone and the basilar portion of the occipital bone | clivus |
| what bones does the occipital bone articulate with? 5 cranial | 2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, |
| this means flat | squamous |
| these bones are irregular in shape and are situated on each side of teh base of the cranium between the greater wings of the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone | temporal bones |
| each of these bones consist of a squamous portion, a tympanic portion, a styloid process, zygomatic process, and a petromastoid portion | temporal bones |
| this portion of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing and balance | petromastoid portion |
| this portion of the temporal bones is the thin upper portion, it forms a part of the side wall of the cranium an dhas a prominent arched process, the zygomatic process | squamous portion |
| the prominent arched process of the temporal bone, projects anteriorly to articulate with the zygomatic bone of the face | zygomatic process |
| this portion of the temporal bone is a slender, pointed bone of variable length, projects inferiorly, anteriorly, and slightly medially from the inferior portion of the typmapnic parg of the temporal bone | styloid process |
| the petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bone together | petromastoid portion |
| this portion of the temporal bones forms the inferior, posterior part, it is prolonged into the conical mastoid process | mastoid portion |
| this portion of the temporal bone is larger in males than in females | mastoid process |
| where are the first mastoid air cells located | at the upper anterior part of the process |
| this portion of the temporal bone projects medially and anteriorly between the greater wings of the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone to the body of the sphenoid bone | petrous portion |
| the upper border of the petrous portion, the top of it lies approx. at the level the TEA | petrous ridge |
| the temporal bones articulate with these bones (4) | parietal, occipital, sphenoid |
| this is the organ of hearing and balance | ear |
| where the essential parts of the ear are housed | in the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| the external ear has two parts, what are they? | the auricle and the EAM |
| this is the fold of the ear, it is fibrocartilaginous and collects sound | auricle |
| this part of the ear is the sound conducting canal | EAM |
| this is a prominent cartiaginous lip that projects posteriorly over the entrance of the meatus | tragus |
| this is the outer rim of the ear | helix |
| how long is the EAM, where does it end? | 1", ends at the tympanic membrane |
| another name for eardrum | tympanic membrane |
| this part of the ear is situated between the external ear and the internal ear | middle ear |
| what are the three parts of the middle ear | tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles |
| this is a thin, concavoconvex, membraneous disk, with an elliptic shape, it serves as a partition between the external and middle ear | tympanic membrane |
| what is the function of the tympanic membrane | the transmission of sound vibrations |
| this is a narrow chamber, it communicates with the nasopharynx thru the auditory tube | tympanic cavity |
| this is a passage by which air pressure in the middle ear is equalized with the pressure in the outside air passages. how long is it? | auditory (eustachian) tube; 1 1/4" |
| these bones permit vibration, name them | auditory ossicles; malleus(hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) |
| this part of the ear contains the essential sensory apparatus of hearing and equilibrium and lies on the densest portion of the petrous portion, composed of an irregular shaped bony chanber called the bony labrynth | interanl ear |
| what does the bony labyrinth of the ear consist of? | cochlea, vestibule, simicircular canals |
| these are two small bones that vary in size and shape, they form the superior bony wall of the nasal cavity | nasal bones |
| what bones do the nasal bones articulate with? | perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone |
| these are the smallest bones of the skull | lacrimal bones |
| these bones are very thin, situated at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbits between the labyrinth of the ethmoide bone and the maxilla | lacrimal bones |
| the tear duct passes through: | the lacrimal foramen |
| the largest of the immovable bones of the face | maxillary bones |
| what bones do the maxillary bones articulate with? | all other facial bones except the mandible |
| these assist in th eformation of the prominence of the cheeks | zygomatic bones |
| a thick spongy ridge at the inferior borders of the maxillae, the support the roots of the teeth | alveolar process |
| in the anterior midsagittal plane, the maxillary join to form a pointed, forward projecting process | anterior nasal spine |
| the midpoint of the prominence of the nasal spine | acanthion |
| the temporal process joins with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the | zygomatic arch |
| these two bones are L shaped and composed of vertical and horizontal plates which articulate with the maxillae to complete the posterior fourth of the bony palate or roof of the mouth | palatine bones |
| these extend diagonally and inferiorly from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity at approximately its lower third | inferior nasal concha |
| the upper two nasal conchae are processes of what bone | ethmoid |
| a thin plate of bone situated in the midsagittal plane of the floor of the nasal cavity, where it forms the inferior part of the nasal septum | vomer |
| the largest and densest bone of the face, consists of a curved horizontal portion called the body | mandible |
| the two vertical portions of the mandible are called the | rami |
| the ange of the mandible is called the | gonion |
| a triangular prominence at the site of ossification of the mandible | mental protuberance |
| the most anterior and central part of the mandible, where the right and left halves have fused | symphysis |
| these project superiorly at an obtuse angle to the body of the mandible and they form an angle of 110 to 120 degrees | rami |
| name the the two processes of the rami | coronoid and condylar |
| the anterior process of the mandible, is thin and tapered and projects to a higher level than the posterior process | coronoid |
| the posterior process of the mandible, has a constricted area, the neck, above which is a broad, thick, almost transversely placed condyle that articulates with the mandibular foxxa for the temoral bone | condylar process |
| where is the TMJ situated? | immediately in front of the EAM |
| this bone is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone | hyoid bone |
| this bone is divided into a body, two greater cornua and two lesser cornua | hyoid bone |
| name the three cranial bones that make up the orbit | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| name the four facial bones that make up the orbit | maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, palatine |
| this is a fracture located at the base of the skull | basal |
| this is a fracture of the floor of the orbit | blowout |
| this is a fracture causing a portion of the skull to be depressed into the cranial cavity | depressed |
| this is a fracture of the zygomatic arch and orbital floor or rim and dislocation of the frontozygomatic suture | tripod |
| inflammation of the mastoid antrum and air cells | mastoiditis |
| inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses | sinusitis |
| dysfunction of the the temporomandibular joint | TMJ syndrome |
| the line between the pupils | interpupillary line |
| landmark below the nose | acanthion |
| landmark at the crease of the outer eye | outer canthus |
| landmark below the orbit | infraorbital margin |
| EAM | external acoustic meatus |
| OML | orbitomeatal line |
| IOML | infroorbitomeatal line |
| AML | acanthiomeatal line |
| MML | mentomeatal line |
| what is the degree angle difference between the OML and the IOML? | 7 degrees |
| What is the degree angle difference between the OML and the glabellomeatal line? | 8 degrees |
| a typically shaped head is called | mesocephalic |
| a skull that is short from front to back and broad from side to side | brachycephalic |
| a skull that is long from front to back and narrow from side to side | dolichocephalic |
| what is the angle of the petrous pyramids from the midsagittal plane of the skull in a mesocephalic skull? | 47 |
| what is the angle of the petrous pyramids from the midsagittal plane of the skull in a brachycephalic skull? | 54 |
| what is the angle of the petrous pyramids from the midsagittal plane of the skull in a dolicephalic skull? | 40 |
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