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Sociology Test 2
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cultural relativism | the practice of judging a CULTURE by its standards |
| counterculture | opposite culture of own |
| culture | the WAYS of THINKING, ACTING and material objects that together form a peoples way of life. |
| deviance | the recognized VIOLATION of NORMS |
| ethnocentrism | practice of judging ones culture by the standard of ones OWN culture |
| folkways | norms for ROUTINE or casual interaction |
| language | system of symbols that allows people to COMMUNICATE with one another |
| mores | norms that are observed and have great MORAL significance |
| multiculturalism | perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. and promoting respect and equal standing for ALL CULTURAL traditions |
| norms | RULES and EXPECTATIONS a society guides the behavior of its members |
| society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
| sociology | systematic STUDY of human science |
| subculture | cultural patterns that SET APART some SEGMENT of a society's population |
| symbol | anything that carries a particular meaning RECOGNIZED by people who share a culture |
| tradition | values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
| values | culturally defined STANDARDS that people use to describe what is desirable, good, and beneficial and that serve as GUIDELINES for social LIVING |
| xenophobia | fear of anything that is different from yourself |
| achieved status | social position a person takes on voluntarily that REFLECTS ABILITY and EFFORT |
| ascribed status | social position person receives at BIRTH or takes on INVOLUNTARILY in life |
| master status | a status that has special importance for social identity, when shaping a persons ENTIRE LIFE |
| resocialization | radically CHANGING an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment |
| role | the BEHAVIOR expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| role conflict | CONFLICT among the roles connected to TWO OR MORE stauses |
| role strain | TENSION among the roles connected to a single status |
| socialization | the life long SOCIAL EXPERIENCE by which people develop their human potential and learn culture |
| status | social POSITION that a person holds |
| total institution | setting in which people are ISOLATED from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff |
| social change | TRANSFORMATION of culture and social institutions over time |
| social movement | an ORGANIZED ACTIVITY that encourages or discourages social change |
| authoritarianism | political system that denies the people participation in govt. |
| authority | POWER that people perceive as legitimate rather the coercive |
| bureaucracy | organized model rationally designed to perform tasks efficientally |
| expressive leadership | group leadership that focuses on the groups WELL BEING |
| in group | social group toward which A member feels respect and loyality |
| instrumental leadership | group leadership that focuses on COMPLETION of TASK |
| out group | social group toward which a person feels some sense of COMPETITION or OPPOSITION |
| primary group | a small social group whose members share PERSONAL and lasting RELATIONSHIPS |
| reference group | social group that serves as a point of REFERENCE in making evaluations and descions |
| secondary group | large IMPERSONAL social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
| social group | two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
| democracy | political system that gives power to the PEOPLE as a whole |
| monarchy | a politcal system in which a SINGLE family rules from generation to generation |
| oligarchy | the rule of the MANY by the FEW |
| pluralist model | an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups |
| politics | the social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals, and makes descions |
| power | the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others |
| power elite model | an analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich |
| state terrorism | NATION taking on terrorism to get what they want, going outside the goverment |
| terrorism | use of an INDIVIDUAL or group to get a point across by going outside the govt |
| war | violence or armed conflict between two or more nations, govt organized |
| charisma | extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers |
| credentialism | using degrees as evidence to do something and gain credit or respect from it |
| education | social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills and cultural norms and values |
| profane | ordinary everyday element |
| religion | social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred |
| sacred | set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence |
| schooling | formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers |
Created by:
mlyoung