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ENG 491 Exam 2
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ablaut | a change in vowel, originally caused by a change in stress or accent. |
| abstraction | - the change from a concrete to a more abstract meaning. Ex OE grund meant simply ground or the bottom of something but during ME it became more abstract in “fundamental principle or foundation basis” like “grounds for divore” |
| A.D. 449 | the traditional date for the first Germanic invasion. |
| A.D. 787 | Vikings - the terror of all Europe and even the Mediterranean made their first attack on Europe in A.D. 787 (landed in Dorsetshire) (commonly called Danes by English). |
| A.D. 878 | Treaty of Wedmore-King Alfred able to achieve some revival of intellectual life (major rebirth of learning does not come though until after his grandson Edgar after the Danish invasions) |
| A.D. 1066 | King Alfred’s grandson Edward dies without ay direct heir to the throne. Several claimants: Edwards brother-in-law Harold Godwineson, Harold Haardraade king of Norway, William Duke of Normandy (insisting Edward promised him the strone). Harold G (Harold H |
| AElfric | - one of the two writers (other Wulfstan) who were exceptions to the usual prose in OE poetry/writing, these writers used heavy alliteration and parallelism to embellish their styles. Probably (A.D. 893) |
| affixing | - by far the most common way in OE of forming new words (lacked many borrowed affixes PDe has from French and Latin) OE had a rich stock of prefixes and suffixes). As in PDE prefixes most often changed the meaning of the word whereas suffixes usually chan |
| alliteration | the occurrence in a phrase of two or more words beginning with the same initial sound: “Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed” also called front rhyme. |
| amelioration | - in semantics a change to a more favorable meaning. |
| Angles | 449 A.D Germanic invaders from eastern Schleswig who settled in Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Humberside, and northern Yorkshire. There common language was English which they ended up using to name their entire country. |
| Anglian | one of the two broad dialectal areas in Anglo-Saxon England located in the north. (the other Southern located in the south) |
| Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | a log (implemented by King Alfred) of important events that was kept continuously in some areas of England until well after the Norman conquest. |
| calque (loan translation) | a form of borrowing in which the components of a word in one language are translated literally into their equivalents in the borrowing language. |
| case | - the relationship of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives to other words in the sentence. (ex inflecting languages inflecting endings) |
| compounding | combining two or more words to make a single word |
| Danelaw | a section (Treaty of Wedmore) of northeast England that the English agreed to recognize as Danish (Vikings) territory in return for a cessation of the incursions into other parts of the island. |
| dual pronoun | in PDE there is a distinction between singular and plural but in OE they had dual pronouns as well. |
| Eth | - the name of the character (ð) in the OE alphabet that represented (ð) or ( ). Also spelled edh. |
| Frisians | likely that A.D. 449 Germanic invaders included these people from the general area of Zuyder Zee |
| functional shift | using one part of speech without changing it’s form. Also called zero-morpheme derivation- They will up the price tomorrow, up is functionally shifted from preposition to verb. |
| Furtherc(Runic alphabet) | an alphabet used by ancient Germanic peoples. (individual characters in alphabet called runes) |
| gender | a set of categories into which words are divided. Ex masculine, feminine, and neuter. (called natural or biological gender if it corresponds to the actual gender of the referent and grammatical gender if it is arbitrary.) |
| generalization | semantic change whereby a word comes to have a wider or more general application. |
| grammatical gender | division of masculine, feminine, and neuter does not correspond to the actual gender of the referent. |
| insular alphabet | closer to Irish practice than Roman due to Irish missionaries the letter and shapes of this Latin alphabet written in England is close to what we are familiar with today but a few had characteristics not employed today. **** (pg 91) |
| Jutes | A.D 449 Germanic invaders from southern Denmar and settled in Kent, the Isle of Wight and nearby coast of southern Hampshire. |
| Kentish | (along with West Saxon) one of the fur traditional dialectal areas of Anglo-Saxon England in the South (so Southern-South) |
| King Alfred | ruler of Wessex beat the Danes in A.D. 871 at at Ashdown and again in Edington in A.d 878. Also fortified towns and built the first English navy. Concerned by decline in learning due to Viking attacks also had important Latin texts translated into Englis |
| Mercian | (along with Northumbrian ) one of the four traditional dialectal areas of Anglo-Saxon England in the North. (so Anglian-north) |
| narrowing | a semantic change restricting the meaning of the word to a smaller meaning. |
| number | the inflection of words to indicate singular or plural (and in some languages dual). |
| Old Norse | one of the contributing factors to the loss of inflections in English after the OE period was due to adapting hundreds and thousands of loanwords from this language (and French) which were inflecting as well making it simpler to just leave the inflections |
| pejoration | a semantic change for the worse. |
| Ruthwell Cross | 8th century (in runic writing a portion of the OE poem “The Dream of Rood”) in Dumfriesshire on a stone carving of a cross. |
| St. Augustine | A.D 597 Pope Gregory sent a mission under this name to Kent to convert people to Christianity. (missionaries also came from Ireland) |
| Saxon | came from the north German coast and occupied Essex, Sussex, and northern Hampshire. |
| Southern | one of the two broad dialectal areas in Anglo-Saxon England located in the south. (the other Anglian in the north.) |
| strong noun | -a and –o declensions |
| strong verb | a verb that forms it’s past tense and past participle by internal vowel changes rather than by the addition of –ed. |
| thorn | the name of the “ “ in the runic alphabet; it represented the sounds [ ] and [ ] ad was used in written English during OE and ME times. |
| Treaty of Wedmore | Guthrum, the Danish leader, was forced to accept Christianity and to retreat to the Danelaw, a section of the northeast England that the English agreed to recognize as Danish territory in return for a cessation of the incursion into other parts of the isl |
| umlaut | an internal vowel change, usually caused by a vowel or semivowel in the following syllable. Also called mutation or front mutation. |
| variation | the repetition of the same idea in different words |
| Venerable Bede | from this come the most complete written description of the Germanic invasions , a person writing two and a half centuries after the event. The Germanic invasions were from the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. |
| Vikings | the terror of all Europe and even the Mediterranean made their first attack on Europe in A.D. 787 (landed in Dorsetshire) (commonly called Danes by English). |
| weak noun | have consonantal or –an declensions |
| weak verb | an English verb whose past tense and past participle are formed by adding a suffix ending in [d] or [t]. |
| Wen | the name of the character “ “ in the runic alphabet. It was incorporated into the Latin alphabet to represent [ w] during OE times. |
| West Saxon | represents a late stage of OE, somewhat artificial dialect (most surviving OE manuscripts written in this dialect) |
| William of Normandy | Duke of Normandy takes throne in A.D. 1066 (King Alfred’s son Edward dies with no heir) after battling Harold Haardraade, wins battle and eventually takes over all of England. (said Edward had promised him throne) |
| Wulfstan | one of the two writers (other AElfric) who were exceptions to the usual prose in OE poetry/writing, these writers used heavy alliteration and parallelism to embellish their styles. (Probably A.D. 893) |
Created by:
hcarr84
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