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Biology Chapter Eigh
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The capacity to cause change | Energy |
| The energy associated with motion | Kinetic energy |
| Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure | Potential energy |
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed but converted from one form to another | Conservation of Energy |
| The random motion of atoms and molecules | Heat |
| Where do our muscles get energy to perform work, such as pulling back a bowstring? | Chemical energy from food |
| What type of energy is chemical energy? | Potential energy |
| When your body breaks down food molecules, the stored potential energy from food can be converted to what? | Kinetic energy |
| The stored chemical energy in food is released in your muscle cells during what? | Cellular respiration |
| Cellular respiration converts chemical energy from food to what? | ATP |
| What are the by-products of cellular respiration? | Water, carbon dioxide, and heat |
| The potential energy of ATP can be converted to what? | Kinetic energy |
| During cellular respiration, what releases energy? | Glucose |
| When a phosphate group is added to ADP | ATP |
| Releases energy when the covalent bond between phosphate groups breaks during hydrolysis | ATP |
| Reactant and product molecules store what in the arrangements of their atoms and bonds? | Potential energy |
| Chemical reactions involve what? | Changes in bonding and changes in energy |
| Chemical reactions that release energy | Exergonic reaction |
| "Downhill" reactions | Exergonic reaction |
| Chemical reactions that absorb energy from their surroundings | Endergonic reaction |
| "Uphill" reactions | Endergonic reaction |
| Reactions in which products have more potential energy than reactants | Endergonic reaction |
| Does not occur spontaneously | Endergonic reaction |
| How can a cell make an endergonic reaction happen? | Energy coupling |
| Obtaining chemical energy from an exergonic reaction and then using the energy to drive an endergonic reaction | Energy coupling |
| What is the key to energy coupling in the cell? | ATP |
| ATP becomes ADP as a phosphate is removed | Exergonic reaction |
| Occurs spontaneously | Exergonic reaction |
| The energy needed to start a chemical reaction | Energy of activation |
| A barrier that prevents even energy-releasing exergonic reactions from occurring without some added energy | Energy of activation |
| Serves as a biological catalyst | Enzyme |
| Increases the rate of reaction without being changed into a different molecule | Enzyme |
| Speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier | Enzyme |
| An enzyme is very selective; it only acts on specific molecules, called what? | Substrates |
| How do enzymes catalyze reactions? | Lowering the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur |
| A space station orbiting Earth is an example of what kind of energy? | Kinetic energy |
| What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule? | Hydrolysis |
| The reaction A ---> B + C + heat is what kind of reaction? | Exergonic |
| Requires a net input of energy from its surroundings | Endergonic |
| What is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? | ATP |
| The reaction ADP + P ---> ATP is what kind of reaction? | Endergonic |
| The energy from an endergonic reaction comes from where? | An exergonic reaction |
| Total of an organism's chemical reactions | Metabolism |
| Emergent property due to interactions between molecules | Metabolism |
| Manages the material and energy resources of the cell | Metabolism |
| Study of how organisms manage their energy resources | Bioenergetics |
| Break down complex molecules into simpler compounds | Catabolic pathways |
| Release energy to do the work of the cell, such as membrane transport | Catabolic pathway |
| Build complicated molecules from simpler ones | Anabolic pathways |
| Consume energy | Anabolic pathway |
| Capacity to cause change | Energy |
| Exists in various forms and work of life depends on ability to transfer from one type into another | Energy |
| Energy associated with motion | Kinetic energy |
| Heat or thermal energy due to random movement of atoms or molecules | Kinetic energy |
| Water moving over a dam or light | Kinetic energy |
| Stored energy in the location of matter | Potential energy |
| Water behind a dam | Potential energy |
| Includes chemical energy stored in molecular structure | Potential energy |
| Potential energy available for release in chemical reactions | Chemical energy |
| Study of energy transformations | Thermodynamics |
| Matter that is isolated from the surrounding | Closed system |
| Liquid in a thermos bottle is what type of system? | Closed system |
| Energy can be transferred between the system and the surrounding | Open system |
| Organisms are what kind of system? | Open system |
| Universe = | System + surrounding |
| According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is _____ | Constant |
| Energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed | Principle of conservation of energy |
| When energy is transferred from one form to the next, usable energy decreases and the rest is released as heat in the surroundings | Second law of thermodynamics |
| Loss of usable heat causes the universe more disordered | Second law of thermodynamics |
| Measure of disorder or randomness or energy dispersal | Entropy |
| Every energy transfer ___ the entropy of the universe | Increases |
| Process that occurs on it's own naturally | Spontaneous |
| Diffusion of molecules or a rock rolling down a hill | Spontaneous |
| Process that doesn't occur naturally - requires input of energy to the system | Nonspontaneous |
| Active transport or pushing a rock up a hill | Nonspontaneous |
| For processes to occur spontaneously, it must _____ entropy | Increase |
| Living systems overall _____ entropy of their surroundings | Increase |
| Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform | Free energy |
| Process with a negative delta G | Spontaneous |
| Doesn't require an input of external energy | Spontaneous |
| The difference between the free energy of the final state and the free energy at the initial state | Delta G |
| What kind of reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous? | Exergonic reaction |
| Reactants contain more energy than the products | Exergonic reaction |
| What kind of reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous? | Endergonic reaction |
| Products contain more energy than reactants | Endergonic reaction |
| What powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions? | ATP |
| What are the three kinds of work a cell does by energy coupling? | Mechanical, transport, chemical |
| Use of exergonic reaction to fuel endergonic reaction | Energy coupling |
| What kind of work by energy coupling contracts muscles and moves chromosomes? | Mechanical |
| What kind of work by energy coupling pumps substances across membranes against the spontaneous movement? | Transport |
| What kind of work by energy coupling allows endergonic reactions that wouldn't occur spontaneously to occur? | Chemical |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| What is ATP? | Ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups |
| When is energy released from ATP? | When the terminal phosphate bond is broken with water |
| ATP production is _____, so it needs energy | Nonspontaneous |
| Speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers | Enzymes |
| Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | Catalytic protein |
| Involves both bond breaking and bond forming between molecules | Chemical reaction |
| The initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction | Activation energy |
| Often supplied in the form of heat from the surroundings in a system | Activation energy |
| How do enzymes catalyze reactions? | By lowering the activation energy |
| Reactant an enzyme acts on | Substrate |
| Region on the enzyme where the substrate binds | Active site |
| Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction | Induced fit of a substrate |
| What holds a substrate in place? | Weak hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds |
| When adding more substrates wouldn't increase the reactions rate | Saturation point |
| What increases kinetic energy, allowing more collisions between active sites and substrates? | Increasing temperature |
| Nonprotein enzyme helpers | Cofactors |
| Usually help to weaken the bonds of substrates for enzymes to work on | Cofactors |
| Organic cofactors | Coenzymes |
| Most are vitamins | Coenzymes |
| Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate | Competitive inhibitors |
| Can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration | Competitive inhibitors |
| Bind to another part of an enzyme, changing the shape so the active site is less effective in forming products | Noncompetitive inhibitors |
| Any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site | Allosteric regulation |
| Most are constructed from two or more polypeptide chains | Allosterically regulated enzymes |
| Contains an activating and inhibiting regulatory molecule | Allosterically regulated enzymes |
| A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity | Cooperativity |
| The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway | Feedback inhibition |
Created by:
StephanieLyn