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AdolPsych-Ch5
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sex | physical and biological traits |
| Gender | social or cultural traits (the characteristics of people as females and males) |
| Sex role | ” The behavior and attitudinal patterns characteristically associated with masculinity or femininity as defined within a given society. Sex roles reflect the interaction between biological heritage and the pressures off socialization.” |
| Gender role | a set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel. |
| Gender identity | ”A recognition that one is male or female and the internalization of this knowledge into one’s self-concept..." |
| Because of pubertal change… | sexuality plays a more important role in gender development for adolescents than for children. |
| Evolutionary Psychology | emphasized that adaptation during the evolution of humans produced psychological differences between males and females. males favor violence, competition, and risk-taking; females improved by securing resources for their offspring |
| Fred’s Psychosexual Stages | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital |
| Oral Stage | mouth is the focus of pleasure seeking |
| Anal Stage | focus of pleasure is in the anus |
| Phallic Stage | genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior |
| Latency Stage | low levels of sexuality; child represses sexual interest |
| Genital Stage | sexual reawakening; begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development. |
| Social Role Theory | Differences are because of contrasting roles. Women have less power and status and control fewer resources |
| Social Cognitive Theory | Emphasizes that adolescent’s gender development is influenced by their observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior, as well as by rewards and punishments of gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior. |
| Societal influences | Power differentials( ex. Pay, job positions) and roles in romantic relationships |
| Social influences | parents, siblings, peers, media |
| Educational Influences | there is still concern about gender inequity in education. (Teachers may have biases against both boys and girls) |
| Cognitive Development Theory | Gender-typing can’t occur until the child is aware of his/her sex. Children actively search for cues in the environment |
| Gender Schema Theory | states gender-typing emerges as individuals develop schemas for what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture (how we organize out world based on gender) |
| Gender stereotype | fixed over generalized attitudes and behaviors considered normal and appropriate for a person based on sex |
| Sexism | prejudice and discrimination based on sex |
| Old-fashioned sexism | Women are generally not as smart as men; women not capable as men to think logically; more important to encourage boys than girls.. etc. |
| Modern sexism | discrimination against women no longer a problem in the US; rare to see women treated in a sexist manner on tv; society has reached the point where women and men have equal opportunities, etc. |
| Stereotype Threat | apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype. –Don’t have to believe stereotype just have to be aware of it. –can’t explain/account for the differences in performance of groups |
| What are some Physical Gender Similarities & Differences ? | Health: women live longer than men. Brain structure is basically the same |
| What are some cognitive gender similarities and differences? | Research shows that males are better at visuospatial and mathematical skills. Girls outperform boys in reading and writing and are less likely to drop out of school. |
| What are some Socioemotional similarities and differences? | Boys are more physically aggressive and active. Girls show stronger interest in relationships and engage in more prosocial behavior. Girls are also better at self-regulation of behavior and emotion. |
| What are the four sex role identity types? | androgynous, feminine, masculine, and undifferentiated |
| Androgyny | the presence of a high degree of desirable feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual |
| Gender-Role Transcendence | Think about competence in terms of people rather than gender |
| Gender Intensification Hypothesis | States that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional gender rules |
| What is Gilligan’s view on gender development? | Argues that girls come to a critical juncture in their development during early adolescence. Girls are aware thatintense interest in intimacy is not prized by the male-dominant society. Critics say that Gilligan exaggerates gender differences in intimacy. |
| Masculinity and Behavior problems | researches have found that problem behaviors often characterize highly masculine adolescents. |
Created by:
agibs88