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Chemexam3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In order for two molecules to react they must _____ | Collide |
| _____ are collisions which result in a reaction taking place. | Effective collisions |
| In order for collisions to be effective they must: | Have a certain amount of minimum energy (energy of activation: Ea) and the collision must have a certain orientation. |
| The minimum energy with which reactants must collide with to produce a reaction is called the _____ | Activation energy (Ea) |
| Reactions which give off heat are _____ | Exothermic |
| Reactions that use heat are called _____ | Endothermic |
| _____ are reactions which once started continue unaided | Spontaneous reactions |
| Most _____ reactions are spontaneous | Exothermic |
| Most reactions in the body are _____ | Endothermic |
| A _____ is a substance which speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy of activation | Catalyst/enzyme |
| _____ are biological catalysts. They lower the Ea by making sure the reacting molecules collide in the proper _____ | Enzymes, orientation |
| The name given to biological reactants is _____ | Substrate |
| An enzyme binds with its substrate at the _____ site | Active |
| The _____ of the active site is the way in which an enzyme recognizes the correct substrate | Shape |
| The term which indicates that an enzyme will only bind with certain substances is _____ | Enzyme specificity |
| Absolute specificity | An enzyme will bind with 1 and only 1 substrate |
| Group specificity | An enzyme will bind with different reactants that have the same functional group |
| Linkage specificity | An enzyme only binds with reactants that have a particular bond (glycosidic/peptide) |
| Stereochemical specificty | An enzyme will only bind with reactant molecules of a certain class (monosaccharide/amino acids)and stereoisomeric category (D or L) |
| When an enzyme binds with its substrate it forms the _____ complex | Enzyme-substrate |
| The high energy intermediate formed between the substrate and the product is called the _____ | Transition state |
| The first part of the name of an enzyme refers to the _____ it binds with and the second part indicates the type of _____ it catalyzes. | Specific substrate, reaction |
| A _____ is a non-protein group which must bind with some enzymes in order for the enzyme to function. | Cofactor |
| Apoenzyme | The polypeptide/protein portion of an enzyme that requires a cofactor |
| Apoenzyme | An inactive enzyme that needs a cofactor in order to function |
| Cofactor | A non-protein group that must attach to apoenzyme for the enzyme to function properly |
| Haloenzyme | Complex formed by apoenzyme and cofactor. It is the functioning form of an enzyme. |
| Cofactors bind with enzymes to ensure that the _____ has the proper shape to bind with its substrate | Enzyme |
| Cofactors are typically _____, _____, or _____ | A heavy metal ion (Cu+2), an organometallic compound, or an organic compound |
| Coenzymes are similar to cofactors in that the enzyme they work with must bind with the coenzyme in order to be _____ | Functional |
| Coenzymes are _____. They bring electrons or chemical groups needed for the reaction to the enzyme or remove electrons/chemical groups that are byproducts of a reaction away from the enzyme. | Carriers |
| The most common coenzymes are _____. | Water soluble vitamins |
| Like proteins, enzymes rely on their ____ to be functional | Shape |
| If you alter the _____ of an enzyme it may lose its ability to work because of a change in the shape of the _____. | Environment, activation site |
| Changing the ____ and/or temp. are two of the most common ways to denature an enzyme | pH |
| Enzymes operate best at a specific pH and temp. These points are called the ____ pH and the ____ temp. | Optimal, optimal |
| The ability to control when an enzyme is active or inactive is called enzyme _____. | Regulation |
| Allosteric enzymes are enzymes with ____ binding sites. One of the binding sites is the ____ site and the other binds with a regulatory molecule called an ____ molecule. | Multiple, active, effector |
| Effector molecules will alter the ____ of the enzyme's active site. | Shape |
| If the effector molecule makes the active site active it is a ____ effector and if the effector makes the active site inactive it is a ____ effector. | Positive, negative |
| _____ is a special form of negative feedback which is a form of allosteric regulation where the product of a reaction or reaction pathway acts as a negative effector to stop the reaction/pathway. | Feedback inhibition |
| An enzyme which is initially formed in an inactive form and is later transformed to an active form is called a ____ | Proenzyme |
| An ____ bonds/binds with an enzyme to render it unable to perform its function | Inhibitor |
| An inhibitor which mimics the shape of the normal substrate of an enzyme and competes with the normal substrate for the active site is called a _____ | Competitive inhibitor/structural analog |
| Catabolism | The breakdown/degredation of large biological molecules |
| Chemical energy | Energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules. It is a form of potential energy. |
| Pathway | A linked series of biochemical reactions |
| ____ is the primary source of energy for all biological reactions. | ATP |
| The energy stored in ATP is stored in the high energy _____ bonds between the last two phosphate groups in the ATP molecule. | Phosphoanhydride |
| The ultimate goal of the catabolic processes in the cells is to ____ the energy from the bonds of nutrient molecules and store that energy in ____ molecules | Harvest, ATP |
| The energy of ATP is released by the _____ of the phosphoanhydride bond between the last two phosphate groups on the ATP. This requires the addition of ____ | Hydrolysis/breaking, water |
| The primary nutrient class used to create ATP is ____ | Carbohydrates |
| The first stage of the catabolism of carbohydrates which occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine is commonly called _____ | Digestion (aka degradation/catabolism/hydrolysis) |
| The first stage of the catabolism of carbohydrates is to break down ____ into ____ | Complex carbs, glucose |
| The monosaccharide which is the end product of the first stage of catabolism of a carbohydrate is ____ | Glucose |
| The glucose formed in stage I is used in the ____ pathway which is stage II of the catabolic process | Glycolysis |
| The 3 main products of glycolysis are: | 4 ATP, NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules |
| Glycolysis is an ____ pathway and requires no O2. | Anaerobic |
| Glycolysis provides energy for ___ term ____ intensity activity. | Short, high |
| ____ is the product of glycolysis which will eventually enter the ____ cycle to produce a lot of ATP | CoA (or pyruvate), citric acid |
| ____ is the product of glycolysis which will enter the ____ chain and also produce more ATP. | NADH, electron transport |
| Allosteric enzymes are the main regulators of glycolysis. ____ acts as a positive effector and ____ acts as a negative effector in the glycolysis pathway. | ADP, ATP *ADP is the only positive effector molecule |
| ____ is the major storage form of glucose in cells. | Glycogen |
| ____ is the reaction which occurs to remove NADH and pyruvate so that glycolysis can continue to occur if more energy is needed for an anaerobic activity. | Lactate fermentation |
| The product of the reaction of lactate fermentation is ____. This is sotred in the ____ and when its concentration is high enough the process of lactate fermentation stops and thus the reactions of ____ stop. | Lactate, liver, glycolysis |
| Red blood cells and brain cells can only use ____ for storage by the process of ____ | Glucose, glucoconeogenesis |
| Excess blood sugar is transformed into ____ for storage by the process of ____. | Glycogen, glycogenesis |
| Aerobic respiration occurs in the cell organelle called the _____ | Mitochondrion |
| The two pathways for aerobic respiration are the ____ and the _____. | Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain |
| ATP is found in high desity in ____ muscles which are responsible for long term/low intensity aerobic activity. | Slow twitch |
| ____ muscles are responsible for short term/high intensity activity and have a relatively low concentration of stored ____ | High twitch, ATP |
| To enter the citric acid cycle pyruvate must first be transformed into ____. | Acetyl CoA |
| Acetyl CoA consists of a two carbon ____ group made from pyruvate attached to a molecule called ____ which has a molecule of _____ vitamin in it. | Acetyl, coenzyme A, pantothenic acid |
| ____ and ____ are also broken down into acetyl CoA which can then enter the citric acid cycle and produce ATP | Lipids and proteins |
| In addition to ATP, the final product of aerobic respiration is ____. | Water |
| Aerobic respiration is essentially the complete ____ of pyruvate. | Oxidation |
| Aerobic respiration is Stage ___ of the catabolism of carbohydrates. | III |
| One intermediate product of the citric acid cycle is GTP. GTP is quickly converted to ___ | ATP |
| NADH is a byproduct of some reactions in the citric acid cycle. The energy stored in NADH is transformed into ATP via the _____. | Electron transport chain |
| FADH2 is also converted to ____ as part of the electron transport chain. | ATP |
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