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OB Ch.3
Reproductive A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Uterus (womb) | Is a muscular thick walled organ that resembles a upside down pear, located at the center of the pelvic cavity, it weighs 40-70g and is 6-8cm long, it can move forward or backward freely and only the cervix is anchored laterally. |
| Anteverted | Is when there is a bend in the area of the isthmus of the uterus and from there the uterus points down |
| Support for Uterus | 4 pairs of ligaments the Cardinal,uterosacral,round, and broad support the uterus |
| Uterus Parts | The upper Fundus, and corpus or uterine body is the upper 2/3 mainly smooth muscle and the lower cylinder portion called the cervix |
| Cornua | is the point where the fallopian tubes enter |
| Isthmus | is the portion of the uterus between the Corpus and the Internal OS, it is about 6mm above the uterine opening. The Isthmus becomes the lower uterine wall during pregnancy. |
| Cervix | Is below the Isthmus and is a passive segment and not part of the contractile uterus This can become the site for C- section |
| Sex Cells | Gametes; produced by gonads a series of ducts and glands withing M and F reproductive systems |
| External Genitalia (female) | Mons pubis,Labia majora and minora, clitoris, Urethral meatus and opening of paraurethral (Skene's) glands,Vaginal vestibule (vaginal orfice,vulvovaginal glands, hymen and fossa navicularis) Perineal body |
| Mons Pubis | Softly rounded mound of subcutaneous fatty tissue beginning at the lowest part of ab wall (Mons veneris) it is covered with hair typically forming the transverse line across the ab, its main purpose is to protect the pelvic bone especially during Coitus |
| Labia Majora | Longditudal raised folds of pigmented skin on either sides of the vulvar cleft, as they desend they form the perineal skin. they are covered with hair follicles adipose and sabacceous glands,their primary function is to protect the structures between them |
| Labia Majora | This skin appears moist and looks like mucous membranes but becomes more skinlike after each birth, it has a extensive venous network and variscosites may occur during pregnacy causing a hematoma from sexual trauma or birth. |
| Labia Major | Also share a extensive lymphatis supply with other structures of the vulva which can facilitate the spread of cancer. Nerve supply comes from L1 & S3 so certain regional blocks will affect them. |
| Labia Minora | Soft skin folds that converge near the anus and appear shiny mucus membrane, moist w/ devoid hair. It is rich in sabacous glands which lubricate, water proof and form bactericidal protection. The sebaceous glands often cause sebaceous cytes |
| VulvoVaginitis | In the area of the Libia Minora is very irritating bc it has so many tactile nerve endings. The Labia minora increases at puberty and decreases after menopause bc of changes in estrogen levels |
| Clitoris | Is located between the labia majora and is 5-6mm long and 6-8mm across this tissue is erectile, it is partly covered by a skin fold called prepuce or clitoral hood. It resembles a opening but an attempt to drop a catheter here is very painful. |
| Clitoris | It is Rich in blood supply and is the female primary erogenous organ, it secreters smegma and this odor may stimulate the male. |
| Urethral Meatus Paraurethral Glands (Skene's) | Located 1-2.5cm beneath the clitoris in midline with the vestibule. Appears as a puckered slitlike opening, Blind dimples,small mucous folds and wide variations in location can make it hard to find |
| Paraurethral Glands (Skene's) | These open into the posterior wall of the urethra and close to its opening. Their secretions lubricate the vaginal opening for sexual intercouse |
| Vaginal Vestibule | Is a boat shaped depression closed by the labia majora and contains the vaginal opening or "introitus" which also borders internal and external genitalia it is inerviated from the sacral plexus |
| Hymen | A thin elastic collar of tissue that surrounds vaginal opening a intact Hymen or vaginal vestibule used to determine verginity status but is now known that strennuous activity, tampons and masterbation can tear this tissue.The Hymen has lots free nerves |
| Vuvovaginal (Bartholon's) Glands | Are two small papular elevations that Sit at the base of the vestibule, they lie under the constrictor muscle of the vagina and secrete a clear thick alkaline mucus that enhances the viability and motility of sperm that is deposited there |
| Perineal body | Is a wedge shaped mass of fibromuscular tissue between the vagina and anus. These muscles have a remarkable ability to stretch due to their arrangment of elastic fibers and conective tissue |
| Uterus nerve and blood supply | The nerves are autonomic a hemiplegic has enough contractions to have a baby. Uterine pain for contractions=T11,T12 Motor fibers T7, T8 |
| Nidation | The Uterine lininging is cyclically prepared by steroid hormones for implantationof the embryo, this protects the feetus until it is expelled |
| Uterine Corpus | Made of 3 layers outermost= permetriume; compposed of peritoneum, middle= Myometrium muscular layer continuos with layers of falopian tubes and vagina, innermost Endometrium; single layer of columnar epithilium, glands and stroma. |
| Myometrium | Is 3 layers the outer layer is mainly over fundus and is elongated muscle causing cervical effacmentand expels the fetus,2 thick middle layer iterlaceing figure 8 shapes surround blood vessels; create hemostatic action,3 Internal inhibits expulsion |
| Endometrium | Is expelled with period and reproduces. Its glands produce thin watery, alkaline secretions that keep cavity moist, help sperm travel, and nourishes developing embryobe before it emplants in the fetus |
| Cervix | Narrow neck of the uterus meets uterus at the internal OS and desends about 2.5cm to connect with the vagina, it appears pink elasticity is the chief characteristic of the cervix |
| Broad Ligament | Keeps uterus centrally placed and provides stability (biggest) |
| Round Ligament | Assists the broad ligament, attaches near fallopian tube and at labia majora |
| Ovarian Ligament | Anchor to the lower pole o fhe ovary to the cornua of the uterus |
| Cardinal Ligament (Mackenrodt's) | Cheif uterine supports and suspend form the side walls of the pelvis to the uterus |
| Infundibuloplvic Ligament | Susspend and support the ovaries |
| Uterosacral Ligament | Provides support for the uterus and the cervix and the level of the ischial spine |
| Estrogen | Control female development and maturations can cause uterus to enlarge bc or +glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes and water. Inhibits FSH and stimulates LH |
| Proestrogen | Secreted by corpus luteum and is at peak levels during secretory phase of menstral cycle, it decreases uterine motility and contractility caused by estrogen and stops milk production during pregnacy |
| Prostaglandins (PGs)also classified as hormones | Oxygenated fatty acids produced by the cells of the endometrium. 2 types E & F PGE relax smooth muscle, PGF Potent vasoconstrictor and increases contractility of smooth muscle in the theca extrna layer of the mature follicle |
| Basis of FRS | interactons involve hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries.Hypothalamus secretes gonadtrophin-releasing hormone(GnRH)to pituitary in response from signals from the CNS, this is often called LHRH and FSHRH, in response to GnRH the anterior pituitary |
| Basis of FRS II | secretes gonadotrophic hormonesFSH and LH, FSH is primarily responsible for maturation off the ovarian follicle as the follicle matures it secretes inceasing amounts of estrogen which enchances development (proliferation phase after menstration) |
| Bisis of FRS III | Final maturation of the folicle requires LH from the anterior pituitary increases 6-10 times as follicle matures. LH is also responsible luteinizing the theca and granulosa cells of the ruptured follicle & estrogen slows and proestrogen takes over |
| Basis of FRS IV Ovulation | The ruptured follicle takes a rapid change and becomes Corpus luteum days 7,8 following ovulation the corpus luteum begins losing secretory powers and the production of estrogen & proestrogen severly diminish. the anterior responds causing another cycle |
| Ovarian Cycle | 2 phases 1st follicular phase days 1-14 and luteal phase days 15-28 |
| Mature Graafian follicle | Appears on about day 14 under dual control of FSH & LH is about 5-10 mm and the cells surounding the sac are granulosa cells. this mass of granulosa cells sourounding the oocyte and follicular fluid is called the cumulus oophorus. |
| Ovulation | Just prior to ovulation the mature oocyte makes its 1st meiotic division |
| mittelschmerz | midcycle pain that accompanies ovulation |
| Menstral Cycle | 1-6 Menstrual phase; estrogen levels are low cervical mucus is scant, viscous and opaque, endometrium is shed,7-14Proliferative ;endometrium and myometrium thickness increase, estrogen peaks just before ovulation Cervical mucus is thin watery, & alkaline |
| Menstral cycle Proliferative | has spinnbarkeit greater than 5cm,just before ovulation body temp. drops and at ovulationit rises 0.3-.6*C and mittelschmerz &/or midcycle spotting may occur |
| Menstral Cycle Secretory | 15-26 estrogen drops sharply and proestrogen dominates, vascularity of entire uterus increases,Tissue glycogen increses and uterus is ready for implantation |
| Menstral Cycle Ischemic | both estrogen and proestrogen levels drop, endometrium becomes pale, blood vessels rupture,blood escapes to uterine stromal cells and gets ready to shed |
| Sperm production | is triggered when the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which cause the testes to produce testosterone |
| Testes 2 fuctions | Serve as the site for spermagenesis and produce testosterone |
| Vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts | about 40cm long and connects the epididamus with the prostate |
| Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's) | small round structures on either side of the erethra that secrete clear thick alkaline fluid rich in mucoproteins that becomes part of the semen |
Created by:
Ryon_Henry