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sciennce
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| weathering | breaking down of rock and other substances at earth's surface |
| erosion | movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity |
| what are the two types of weathering | chemical and mechanical |
| the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces is called | mechanical weathering |
| what are the forces of mechanical weathering | release of pressure, plant growth, freezing and thawing, abrasion, animal reactions |
| what is abrasion | sand and other rock particles that were carried by wind, water, or ice can wear away exposed rock surfaces like sandpaper or wood. wind- driven and sand helped shape the rocks |
| ice wedging cycle | water seeps into cracks, freezes when temprature drops, ice widens cracks, ice acts like a wedge that forces things apart |
| would ice wedging work in processes by the equator | no, because it's hot by the equator |
| the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes is called | chemical weathering |
| what are the agents of chemical weathering | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain |
| chemical weathering produces rock particles with the same mineral makeup as the rock they cam from | false |
| water | it is the most important cause |
| oxygen | it causes iron to rust |
| carbon dioxide | it forms carbonic acid |
| living organisms | lichens are one example |
| acid rain | it is cause by pollution |
| water weathers rock by gradually dissolving it | true |
| oxygen weathers rock through a process called | oxidation |
| list two kinds of rock that easily weathered by carbonic acid | granite, marble |
| how do plants dissolve rock | a seed landing on rocks face. as it sprouts it's roots push into cracks in the rock. as the plants roots row, they produce weak acids called carbonic acid that slowly dissolve rock around the roots. |
| the most imprtant factors that determine the rate of weathering are type of rock and | climate |
| the minerals that make up a rock determine how fast it weathers | true |
| a rock that is full of tiny, connected air spaces is said to be | permeable |
| why does a permeable rock weather chemicall at a fast rate | as water seeps through the spaces in the rock, it dissolves and removes material broken down by weathering |
| why does chemical weathering occur more quickly in a hot climate | because of chemical and mechanical weathering, in warm and wet climates rock weathers more rapidly and crumbles |
| soil | loose, weathered material on earth's surface in which plants can grow |
| bedrock | solid layer of rock beneath the soil |
| humus | dark colored organic material in soil |
| fertility | measure of how well soil supports plant growth |
| lam | rich, fertile soild that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand and silt |
| soil horizon | soil forms in defferent layers, specifically this layer of soil differs from colors and textures |
| topsoil | mixture of humus, soil, clay and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil |
| subsoil | layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals |
| litter | loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil |
| decomposer | soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digests them |
| the loose weathered material on earth's surface in which plants can grow is | soil |
| the solid layer of rock beneath the soil is called | bedrock |
| what is soil composed of | soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, water and air |
| list the three types of weather rock particles found in soil | bedrock, fertility, humus |
| the decayed organic material in soil is called | humus |
| list soil particles from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
| soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt is called | loam |
| how does soil form | soil forms as rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface. soil is constantly being formed wherever bedrock is exposed |
| a | topsoil |
| b | subsoil |
| c | weathered rock particles |
| rate of soil formation | it is slower in areas that are dry, it is faster with limestone than granite |
| classify soil into groups | climate, plant types, soil composition |
| the soil type of northeastern united states and canada is southern forest soils | false |
| how do soil organisms improve soil | some soil organisms make humus, the material that makes soil fertile other soil organisms mix the soil and make spaces in it for air and water |
| animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus | false |
| as plants shed leaves, they form a loose layer called | litter |
| soil organisms that turn dead organic matter into humus are called | decomposers |
| four soil decomposers | fungi, bacteria, worms, other organisms |
| example of fungi | molds, mushrooms |
| earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other maters in soil | true |
| how can burrowing mammals improve soil | many burrowing mammals such as mice, moles, prarie dogs and gophers break up hard, compacted soil and mix humus through it. these animals also add nitrogent to the soil when they produce waste, they add organic material when they die and decay |
| the thick mass of tough roots at the surface of the soil is called | sod |
| natural resources are anything made by humans | false |
| why is soil on of earth's most valuable resources | soil is one of earth's most valuable natural resources because everythings that lives on land, including humans, depends directly of inderectly on soil |
| soil can be found wherever weathering occurs | true |
| what is true about soil | soil formation takes a long time |
| how can soil be damaged | loses its fertility |
| how can soil be lost | soil loses its fertility and when topsoil is lost due to erosion |
| how can plants prtoect soil from wather erosion | plants break the force of falling rain, and plant roots hold thhe soil together |
| true about the great plains | fertile soil, rainfall decreases from east to west across the great plains |
| states part of the dust bowl | oklahoma, kansas, texas |
| why did the dust bowl occur | a long drought turned soil to dust |
| why did the dust bowl lead to the adoption of moder methods of saving soil | to help save the soils |
| the management of soil to prevent its destruction is referred to as | soil conservation |
| two types of plowing | contour, conservation |
| how does countour plowing help conserve soil | contour helps slow the runoff of excess rainfall and prevents it from washing away the soil. plows fiels along the curves of a slope |
| how does conservation plowing help conserve soil | conservation-distribute soil and plant cover as little as possible. dead weeds and stalks of the previous year are left in the ground to help return soil nutrients, retain moisture, and hold soil in place |
| process of moving fragments of rock and soil | erosion |
| solid layer of rock beneath soil | bedrock |
| thick mass of grass roots and soil | sod |
| grinding away of rock by rock particles | abrasion |
| loose layer of dead plant material on the soil surface | litter |
| organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms | decomposers |
| organic material in soil | humus |
| processes that break down rock at earth's surface | weathering |
| topmost layer of soil | topsoil |
| soil with about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt | loam |
| layer of soil beneath the topsoil | subsoil |
| loose, weathered material in which plants can grow | soil |
Created by:
mackidoo