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A & P Test 2
Blood Vessels, Lymphatic, Immune
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the types of blood vessels | arteries veins capillaries |
| Describe arteries | large arteries close to heart diameter will decrease as they go out further from heart |
| what are arterioles? | smallest arteries and go directly to capillary beds |
| What are venules? | Smallest veins leaving capillary beds |
| What are the capillaries? | "Exchange vessels" |
| what are capillary beds? | Where exchange occurs between the blood & our body tissues (cells) |
| venous side- the diameter increases as it gets closer to the heart | True |
| what are the layers found in the wall of arteries and viens? | Tunica Externa/Adventia Tunica Media Tunica Intima/Interna |
| Tunica Externa | Superficial layer, dense C.T. layer |
| Tunica Media | middle layer consist of mostly smooth muscle thicker in arteries than viens contains elastic fibers in arteries-not viens |
| Tunica Intima/Interna | deepest layer primarily made of simple squamous endothelium |
| Lumen | opening inside the vein and artery |
| Which have a smaller lumen diameter size? | arteries have small and viens have large diameter. |
| How many layers do capillaries have? | only one-simple squamous edothelial cells This makes them permeable for exchange |
| vasoconstriction and vasodiltion | autonomic activities it will increase or decrease blood flow to area caused by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in artery wall. |
| The large arteries that are close to the heart are called ________ arteries. | elastic |
| The diameter of arteries will _________ as they get further from the heart. | decrease |
| Arteries that are further from the heart and go directly to an organ are called ________ or ________ arteries | muscular/distributing |
| Arteries that go directly to capillary beds. These are the smallest arteries: | Arterioles |
| "Exchange vessels," where exchange occurs between the blood and our body tissues: | Capillaries |
| These are the smallest of the veins. They leave the capillary beds: | Venules |
| The largest veins that are closest to the heart are the: | Large veins :) |
| Between the venules and the large veins, there are: | Medium veins ;) |
| How many distinct layers are found in the walls of arteries and veins? | 3 |
| The outermost layer of vein and artery walls is the ________ _________. | tunica externa |
| What kind of tissue is the tunica externa made of? | Dense CT |
| Just under the tunica externa is the _______ _______ layer. | tunica media |
| The tunica media layer in both veins and arteries consists mostly of ________ ________. | smooth muscle |
| Arteries have a ________ tunica media layer than veins. | thicker |
| The tunica media layer of veins DO NOT contain _______ ________. | elastic fibers |
| The presence of _________ _________ in the tunica media of arteries accomodates the _______ ________ in the arteries. | elastic fibers/high pressure |
| Which vessels' tunica media have sort of an "elastic waistband" appearance - veins or arteries? | arteries |
| This is the innermost layer of the walls of veins and arteries: | tunica intima (or tunica interna) |
| Compared to the lumen size of arteries, do veins have small or large lumens? | large |
| How many layers do the walls of capillaries have? | only one |
| The walls of capillaries are made of ________ _______ _________ _______. | simple squamous endothelia cells |
| The layer of the vein that forms valves: | tunica intima (or tunica interna) |
| True or false: Both arteries and veins have valves | false - only veins have valves. |
| The single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells that make up capillary walls allows them to be extremely __________. | permeable (or "leaky") |
| Most of the vasoconstriction and vasodilation occurs in the _________ __________. | muscular arteries |
| Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are both __________ activities. | autonomic |
| Vasoconstriction __________ blood flow. | decreases |
| Vasodilation ___________ blood flow. | increases |
| Vasoconstriction and vasodilation cannot happen in blood capillaries because they do not contain the _________ __________ layer. | smooth muscle |
| ____________ & ____________ of the arteries is caused by the relaxation/contraction of the smooth muscle layer (tunica media) | Vasodilation/vasoconstriction |
| When looking at a cross-section slide, the walls of these vessels typically appear thick and round: | arteries |
| When looking at a cross-section slide, the walls of these vessels typically appear thin and collapsed: | veins |
| The tunica intima layer of vein walls is typically _________ in appearance, in contrast to the rippled appearance of the tunica intima of arteries. | smooth |
| The tunica intima layer of vein & artery walls consists mainly of _________ __________ __________. | simple squamous endothelium |
| The tunica externa layer of veins and arteries is also referred to as the tunica __________. | adventitia |
| The vessels that are so small, RBC's must pass through in a single-file line: | blood capillaries |
| Name the two categories of capillaries: | 1) Continuous 2) Fenestrated |
| This type of capillary is made of a continuous layer of simple squamous endothelium. | Continuous capillary |
| Extremely leaky capillaries that contain "little windows," found in places like the small intestines, kidneys, and endocrine organs: | Fenestrated capillaries examples of locations:small intest, kidneys |
| Arteries carry blood _______ from the heart. Veins carry blood ____ the heart. | away/to |
| Force exerted (by a liquid) is referred to as: | pressure |
| Force that opposes movement (of blood flow): | resistance |
| Blood flows from areas of _______ to _______ pressure. | high/low |
| The ________ the resistance, the _________ the blood flow. | higher/lower |
| Name the 3 types of cardiovascular pressure: | 1) Blood Pressure (BP), 2) Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP), and 3) Venous Pressure |
| Blood pressure is significantly _________ in the arteries than in any other area. | higher |
| Blood pressure __________ as we move away from the heart. | decreases |
| Blood Pressure is recorded as __________ pressure over __________ pressure. | systolic/diastolic |
| _________ _________ is the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. | Pulse pressure |
| MAP stands for ________ ________ _________. This measurement provides a single BP value. | mean arterial pressure |
| The formula for MAP is: MAP = _________ pressure + 1/3 ________ pressure. | diastolic / pulse |
| The smaller the diameter of the vessel, the _________ the resistance. | greater |
| We see a significant drop in BP at the arterioles because: | 1) They are far from the heart 2) They are major resistance vessels-slows blood flow |
| BP is very low in the veins. What 4 mechanisms are required to continue blood flow through the veins back to the heart? | 1) valves 2) large lumen size 3) skeletal muscle pump 4) respiratory pump |
| These maintain the one-way flow of blood through veins and prevent back flow: | valves |
| Veins have _______ _______ _______ in order to create low resistance and encourage blood flow. | large lumen size |
| _________ ________ push against veins when they contract, which forces blood through the veins. | Skeletal muscles |
| List the 3 major functions of the immune system: | Destroy pathogens, Detect and kill abnormal cells , Remove dead cells and other debris from the body. |
| Which type of pathogen can only replicate/reproduce inside a host cell? | Viruses |
| List the 2 general categories of body defenses and give a brief description of both. | 1. Nonspecific 2. Specific |
| List the 6 nonspecific defenses: | Physical barriers, Phagocytes, Immunological surveillance, Antimicrobial proteins , Inflammation, Fever |
| What do the physical barriers include? | Skin & Mucous membranes |
| List the cells which are phagocytic. | Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, & monocytes. |
| Lymphocytes which are specialized to kill certain types of target cells are called: | Natural Killer Cells |
| Name the two most important antimicrobial proteins: | 1. Interferons, 2. Complement |
| Slide number 10 of your “Immune System” powerpoint describes how infected cells produce interferon causing other cells to produce antiviral proteins for protection. List/provide the 5 steps below: | Virus enters cell,Interferon genes in the DNA are turned on,Interferon molecules produced by the infected cell,The infected cell secretes/releases the interferon molecules which then bind to other cells. Interferon binding turns on genes in the cell whic |
| List the three activities of the “complement system”: | 1. Attacks and breaks down cell walls. 2. Attracts phagocytes. 3. Stimulates inflammation |
| Inflammation produces: | 1. Swelling, 2. Redness, 3. Heat, 4. Pain |
| BLANK are chemicals that reset body temperature to cause fever. | Pyrogens |
| Raising body temperature as the result of fever helps fight illnesses by: | 1. Increasing cellular Metabolism (ATP) 2. Increasing enzyme activity (accelerates repairs) 3. Inhibiting microbial reproduction |
| Specific defenses can also be called: | 1. Adaptive Defenses 2. Acquired Immunity |
| Major branches of the specific immune response include: | 1. Cell-mediated immunity 2. Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity |
| List the 3 types of T cells: | 1. Cytotoxic T Cells 2. Helper T Cells 3. Regulatory T Cells |
| What does MHC stand for? | Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| What do Class I MHC proteins display? | Abnormal peptides produced as a result of viral and/or bacterial infection. |
| What do Class II MHC proteins display? What type of cells have Class II MHC proteins? | Class II MHC proteins display antigenic fragments produced when a pathogen is phagocytized. All phagocytic cells have Class II MHC proteins. |
| In respect to their markers, which 2 groups do T Cells fall into? | 1. CD4 2. CD8 |
| Recognition of a MHC protein leads to the activation of T – cells. What follows activation (what does activation lead to)? | Activation leads to rapid division of the T cells at the lymphoid tissues and organs. T cells then enter the blood plasma where they will directly attack the antigen. |
| Briefly describe the function(s) of the following: | 1. Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: Extremely mobile, seek out and destroy abnormal and infected cells. |
| Helper T cells: | secrete cytokines which will attract macrophages, attract Natural Killer cells, promote activation of B cells, stimulates further T cell divisions. |
| Regulatory (suppressor) T cells: | They release suppression factors (after the initial immune response) which inhibit the response, limiting the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus. |
| Antibody mediated immunity involves B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce | antibodies in response to anigens |
| The body has millions of B cell populations. Each kind of B cell carries its own: | B Cell Receptor (BCR) |
| A decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells would affect which type of immunity? | would affect cell-mediated immunity, reducing the ability to kill foreign cells and virus-infected cells. |
| How would a lack of helper T cells affect the antibody-mediated immune response? | Cytokines released by Helper T cells are required for the clonal expansion of activated B cells. Without the Helper T cells, the antibody-mediated immune response would probably not occur (no plasma cells or memory cells). |
| A sample of lymph contains an elevated number of plasma cells. Would you expect the number of antibodies in the blood to be increasing or decreasing? Why? | We would expect an increase in the number of antibodies in the blood if there was an elevated number of plasma cells in the lymph, because plasma cells produce antibodies. |
| Which type of cell attacks and kills viruses and cancer cells? | Natural killer cells |
| Where do T cells develop? | In the thymus |
| B cells are involved in which type of immunity? | Humoral Immunity |
| Which of the following is involved in the activation of the B cell? | antigen helper T cell cytokines |
| The activation of phagocytes leads to the activation of: | T cells |
| Describe B Cell “Clonal Expansion”: | Activated B Cells undergo clonal expansion to produce identical B cells (clones). Most of these clones differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. |
| Continued "B Cell "Clonal Expansion" | Cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells become memory cells primed to respond to subsequent exposures to the same antigen. Responses generated by memory cells are called secondary responses. |
| List the characteristics of B Cells: | 1. Antibody – mediated (humoral) immunity against pathogens. 2. Produced and mature in bone marrow. 3. Reside in lymph nodes and spleen; Circulate in blood and lymph. |
| More characteristics of B Cells | 4. Directly recognize antigen and then undergo clonal expansion. 5. Clonal expansion produces antibody-secreting plasma cells as well as memory B cells. |
| Slide number 10 of your “Immune System” powerpoint describes how infected cells produce interferon causing other cells to produce antiviral proteins for protection. List/provide the 5 steps below: | 1. Virus enters cell.,2. Interferon genes in the DNA are turned on.3. Interferon molecules produced by the “infected” cell. The “infected cell secretes/releases the interferon molecules which then bind to other cells. |
| Continued Steps........ | 4. Interferon binding turns on genes in the cell which code for antiviral proteins. Once the genes are turned on, the cell begins producing the antiviral proteins.5. Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction. |
| Humoral immunity(antibody-mediated) involves: | B lymphocytes which produce antibodies in response to antigens. The B cell attack is through the production of antibodies which circulate in the plasma.Is most effective against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses prior to these agents entering cells. |
| Cell-mediated immunity involves | T cells which enter the blood plasma where they will directly, either chemically or physically, attack the antigen. T cells will seek out and destroy abnormal and/or infected cells. |
| What 3 factors that alter Peripheral Resistance? | 1. Vascular Resistance 2. Blood Viscosity 3. Turbulence |
| Describe vascular resistance | Diameter-small diameter, greater resistance Vessel Length- the longer the vessel the greater the resistance |
| Describe Blood Viscosity | Thicker=greater resistance |
| Describe Turbulence | The more turbulent the pathway= greater resistance which in turns slow blood flow example: you want slow thru kidneys for processing functions. slow thru liver for time for detoxification |
| The forces responsible for fluid flow at the capillaries are ___________and_____________. | Hydrostatic pressures Colloid osmotic pressures |
| Hydrostatic Pressures= | force excerted on the capillary wall by fluid |
| Capillary H.P= | outward force from capillaries |
| Interstitial Fluid H.P.= | pressure excerted by If. (inward force) |
| Osmotic Pressure= | "water follows salt" a measure of how "salty" the solution is |
| What large plasma protien is involved in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood? | albumin |
| Major factors which control movement into and out of the blood within the capillary beds: | 1.Hydrostatic Pressures 2.Capillary H.P 3. Interstitial Fluid H.P 4. Osmotic Pressure 5. Albumin |
| Fluid _________the arterial end. | leaves Because the hydrostic pressure of the blood is high |
| Fluid ENTERS the __________ end of capillary beds | venous Because of the high osmotic pressure of blood |
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure will be ________ on the arterial end than venous end. | higher |
| Interstitial fluid H.P. should be 0 unless you have ____________. | adema |
| Net Filtration pressure= | Net H.P. + Net O.P. (always higher on arterial end) |
| Osmotic pressure of the blood _____ _____ change from arteriol end to venous end. | will NOT |
| Hydrostatic Pressure of the blood drives fluid out of the ___________ end of capillary | arterial |
| The ____________ of blood draws water back into the blood at the venous end. | osmotic pressure |
| Not all fluid is reclaimed at the venous end, so the _____________ will pick up the excess fluid to return to the blood. | lymphatic system |
| Name the 3 Regulatory Mechanisms that control cardiac output and blood pressure: | Autoregulation Neural mechanisms Endocrine processes |
| causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments | autoregulation |
| respond quickly to changes at specific sites | neural mechanisms |
| direct long term changes in blood pressure/blood volume | Endocrine processes |
| In regards to autoregulation, what is the cause? | vasodilators- dilate capillaries which will accelerate blood flow at the tissue level. (reduces resistance) |
| Examples of Local Vasodilators: (first 4 are ATP demands) | 1. low O2 or high CO2 levels 2. Nitric acid (NO) released by endothelial cells 3. Lactic acid generated by tissue cells-thru fermentation by muscle cells--atp production 4. chemicals released by inflammation (histamine) 5. Elevated local temp |
| Neural mechanisms: | Cardiovascular centers include the Cardiac center and the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata- these adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance. |
| The Cardiac & Vasomotor center receive information from __________ and ____________. | baroreceptors (in aorta and internal carotid arteries) Chemoreceptors (in aorta and common carotid arteries |
| The cardioacceleratory center _________ cardiac output. | increases |
| The cardioinhibitory center ________ cardiac output. | reduces |
| List the route of Reflex Pathway: | 1.gathers stimuli from baroreceptors/chemoreceptors 2.afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 3. medulla (cardiac center) 4. vasomotor (efferent)nerve fibers 5. Intrinsic conducting system of heart (slows or speeds heart rate) |
| In the Vasomotor Center what increases resistance by stimulating smooth muscle contraction in arteriole walls? | vasoconstriction |
| In the vasomotor center what decreases resistenace by relaxing smooth muscle? | vasodilation |
| List the reflex pathway of the Vasomotor center | 1.baroreceptors/chemoreceptors 2.afferent nerve fibers 3.Medulla (vasomotor center) 4.Vasomotor (efferent) nerve fibers 5.Smooth muscles of arterioles (results in vasoconstriction or vasodilation) |
| Examples of horomones which alter Blood Volume and/or Blood Pressure | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Angiotensin II Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
| hormone released by the neurohypophysis of pituitary gland in response to low blood volume and low blood pressure- cause kidneys to retain water= this increases blood volume/pressure by decreasing urine output. | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| hormone released by kidneys in response to low blood pressure- causes release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex-which will increase blood pressure. | Angiotensin II |
| When kidneys detect changes in B.P.and in response to low B.P. they release _________. | Renin (Renin-Angiotensin System) |
| Angiotensin II will _________ urine output, which will increase blood volume & blood pressure. | reduce |
| ________targets the kidney tubules, causing the kidneys to retain ____________. | Aldosterone Na+ |
| ACE Inhibitors are drugs that will inhibit the release of ____________. | Angiotensin II |
| released by right atrium in response to high BP that targets the adrenal cortex inhibiting the release of aldosterone. Which causes kidneys to INCREASE urine output which gets rid of water to lower blood volume & pressure | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
| Fetal Circulation | Umbilical vein---fetal liver--Ductus Venosus---Inferior Vena Cava--Right Atrium(2 options from here) 1. foramen ovale--left atrium--left ventricle--aorta--umbilical arteries OR to Right ventricle--pulmonary trunk--Ductus Arteriosus--aorta--umb.arteries- |
| What 3 vessels are located around the placenta? | 1 umbilical vein 2 umbilical arteries |
| After birth, the ________closes and becomes the ___________. | foramen ovale fossa ovalis |
| The ___________ which connects the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, closes off within 1-2 days after birth. | ductus arteriosis |
| Once closed, the ductus arteriosis is replaced by connective tissue and is known as the _____________. | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system | 1. returns excess interstitial fluid lost at capillary beds to venous blood supply. 2. Protects against disease 3. Consists of lymphatic tissues/organs & lymphatic vessels (capillaries & ducts) |
| connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes (WBC which produce Ab) | Lymphoid tissues |
| Where are lymph nodes (clusters) located in the body? | cervical (neck) axillary (armpit) inguinal (pelvic) |
| is the diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the GI tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye and skin. | MALT (mucousa associated lymphatic tissues) |
| these consist of: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium located in the roof of pharynx (back of nasal cavity) | adenoids aka "pharyngeal tonsils" |
| these consist of: stratified squamous epithelium located on sides of pharynx (back of throat) | Rt & Lt Palatine Tonsils |
| these consist of: stratified squamous epithelium located behind the tongue | Lingual Tonsils |
| Tonsils, Cervical lymph nodes,thymus,auxillary lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, Inguinal lymph nodes are all part of what? | Lymphatic System |
| Interstitial fluid entering lymphatics is called ___________. | lymph |
| Lymph consists of interstitial fluid with __________ and any other _________ that squeeze into the lymph vessels. | plasma proteins pathogens |
| The reabsorption of water and plasma proteins from blood vessels accounts for approximately _________ daily. The return of this fluid is important in maintaining _______________. | 3 liters blood volume |
| Lymph flow from __________to larger ___________ containing one-way valves. | lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic vessels travel with _____________. | veins |
| Because the lymphatic system is a "pumpless" system --there is very ______ _________! | low pressure |
| Lymph flow is assisted by: | 1.skeletal muscles contractions 2.breathing (respiratory pump), and valves |
| The lymphatic ducts drain lymph into the Venous Blood Supply at the junction between the _____ _____ _____ and the ______ ______. | internal jugular vein subclavian vein |
| In the right lymphatic duct the lymph is drained from: | right side of head,neck,upper torso & right arm |
| Lymph will be returned to the thru Thoracic duct from: | left side, lower torso & both legs |
| Symptoms below are a sign of what? blockage of lymph drainage from a limb, severe swelling, interferes with immune system function | Lymphedema |
| Largest lymphatic vessels in terms of diameter are ___________ | Lymphatic ducts |
| As lymph travels through the lymphatic system on its way back to the venous blood supply, it encounters _______. | lymph nodes |
| Lymph nodes are composed mainly of _______ and ___________ (a type of loose C.T.) | lymphocytes reticular tissue |
| Lymph flows into node via _______ ________. | Afferent vessel |
| Lymph flows out via ________ _________. | Efferent Vessel |
| In the lymph node reticular tissue it has a "turbulent pathway" to _____ ______ fluid flow so the needed activities have time to take place. | slow down |
| Lymph nodes houses _______ and ________. | macrophages lymphocytes |
| What is the purpose of the macrophages in the lymph nodes? | filter: (think of coffee filter) purifies lymph before returning to venous circulation by removing debris, pathogens, and 99% of antigens |
| Lymphocytes are the __________ of immune system. | activation |
| Lymphocytes produce ______ in response to ____. | Antibodies (Ab) Antigens (Ag) |
| Lymph nodes may _____ when responding to infection. | swell |
| Cancer spreads 2 ways: | blood or lymph (because they are leaky) |
| Excess iF enters _____ _______ to travel back to the _______ blood supply. | lymphatic capillaries venous |
| As lymph travels through the lymphatic vessels, it will encounter ______ ______ (and other lymphatic vessels) | lymph nodes |
| Lymph nodes house _________ & __________. | macrophages & lymphocytes |
| Lymph will be ________ and the immune system __________ if pathogens or abnormal cells are present in the lymph | "cleansed" activated |
| Lymphatic capillaries are _________ and ______. | blind-ended very leaky |
| Excess iF enters lymphatic capillary and is then called ____________. | lymph |
| Lymph is returned to the _______________. | venous blood supply |
| True or False: There is two way flow of fluid into lymphatic cap. | FALSE- only one way flow going in NOT OUT |
| Lymph contains iF plus any _____ or _______ that might be present. | pathogens or abnormal cells. |
| Arteries carry blood ________ from the heart | away |
| Veins carry blood _______ the heart | toward |
| Name the branch off the aortic arch that is on the far right side. | subclavain |
| Name the branch off the aortic arch that is in the middle. | common cartoid |
| Name the branch of the aortic arch that is on the far left side | brachiocephalic |
| Name the artery that serves the kidney. | Renal Artery |
| As the subclavian artery passes under the arm pit, it is called the: | auxillary artery |
| The common iliac artery branches into the ________ & _____________ arteries. | internal and external |
| The artery found behind the knew is the ______ | popliteal |
| the artery found in front of the tibia is the: | anterior tibial |
| The artery that serves the large intestine and the rectum is the: | inferior mesenteric artery |
| The systemic veins carry _____blood. | deoxygenated |
| Blood from regions above the diaphram enters the RT. Atrium via the _________ | superior vena cava |
| Name the vein that delivers blood to the liver from the digestive viscera. | Hepatic portal vein |
| Once blood passess through the axillary vein, which vein will it flow into next on its way back to the heart? | Right subclavian vein |
| Once blood passes through the femoral vein, which vein will it flow into next on its way back to the heart? | common iliac vein |
| Name the long vein in the leg that is superficial and medially located | great sephanous |
| The axillary vein is formed from two seperate vessels, name these two. | Cephalic, Brachial |
| Blood in the right gonadal artery in females will enter the ____________ | ovaries |
| Which term does not belong: high pressure, vein, artery, spurting blood | vein |
| which term does not belong: carotid artery, great cardiac vein, coronary sinus, coronary artery | carotid artery |
| which term does not belong: increased venous return, respiratory pump, vasodilation, milking action of skeletal muscles | vasodilation |
| which term does not belong: resistance, friction, vasodilation, vasoconstriction | vasodilation |
| Major means by which nutrients and wast products are exchanged across capillary surfaces is _____________. | diffusion |
| Physical force that moves fluid out of capillary is __________________ | Hydrostatic pressure |
| At the venous end of the capillary, this force has decreased is ____________ | Hydrostatic pressure |
| This force is the result of nondiffusable proteins in the plasma __________ | Capillary Osmotic pressure |
| System that picks up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the general circulation is______ | Lymphatic system |
| Swelling caused by excess tissue fluid accumulation is __________. | Edema |
| The pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood and tissue fluid, against the walls of the capillaries is called __________ | hydrostatic pressure |
| Relatively high capillary hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of a capillary causes fluid to move ________ the capillary and into the surrounding iF. | out |
| The blood of mammals contains a relatively high concentration of proteins, and these large molecules cannot easily pass through capillary walls. These protiens create a relatively high pressure known as : | osmotic pressure |
| The same kinds of proteins also occur in these tissue fluids, but in much lower concentration.Because of the different protein concentrations on the two sides of the capillary wall, water tends to move _______ the capillaries from the iF by osmosis | into |
| defenses we are born with, genetically determined, present at birth, aka/inate defenses | non-specific defenses |
| defense in which a specific pathogen is recognized and antibodies are produced | specific defenses |
| Describe the body's inate defense-physical barrier | skin & mucous skin = low ph (3 to 5) stomach mucousa= ph 2 kills pathogens Mucous membranes produce lysosome which hydrolyze bacteria (tears) Sticky mucous membranes trap bacteria (nasal cavity, upper throat) |
| Describe the body's inate defense-phagocytes | Lysosomes contain hydrolytic (digestive enzymes) which break down foreign material Macrophages are the primary phagocyte |
| Describe the body's inate defense- Immunological Surveillance | small fraction of Lymphocytes circulating in the blood are specialized to kill certain types of target cells (Natural Killer cells) |
| These cells kill host cells that have become infected with viruses and cells that have become cancerous | natural killer cells (NK) |
| NK cells kill by releasing small ______ _______ that cause the target cell to die by ___________ (programmed cell death). | cytoplasmic granules apoptosis |
| NK cells granules are made of _______ which are packed by the __________. | protien Golgi |
| The most important antimicrobial proteins are ________ and ________. | Interferons & Complement |
| Interferon is important against _________. | viruses |
| Infected cell produces _________ causing other cells to produce anitviral protiens for protection. | interferon |
| Complement proteins are ______ _____ which lyses microorganisms (ex. bacteria) by creating ______ in the membranes. | plasma proteins pores |
| Complement proteins seek ________. | Pathogens |
| Mass cell are specialized cells in _____ ______ that release chemicals which inate inflammation and positive _________. | connective tissue (C.T.) chemotaxis |
| when chemicals attract phagocytes to infections | chemotaxis |
| ________ are secreted by white blood cells and macrophages which have been exposed to foreign substances in the body. | Pyrogens |
| Hypothalamus has neurons that control our body's __________. | thermostat |
| ______ protects against paticular threats. | Specific defense |
| _______ immunity, refers to antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and removea specific antigen. | Adaptive/Acquired |
| This the immunity one develops throughout life | Adaptive/acquired |
| Specific defenses involve _____ & ______ cells. | B & T cells |
| What does it mean for specific defenses to have memory? | For example, chicken pox. If you had it your body remembers so that NORMALLY you do not get it again. |
| What does it mean for specific defenses to be systematic? | can act anywhere in the body in our bloodstream |
| anything that can illicit or cause an immune response (often pathogens) | antigen (Ag) |
| Responsible for cell mediated immunity. Enter peripherial tissues to attack antigens physically and chemically. | Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) |
| stimulate the responses of T cells and B cells | Helper T cells |
| Inhibit T cells and B cells and moderate the immune response. These are important to gaurd our auto immune response. for example:keep us from over responding like MS, Rhuematoid arthritis | Suppressor T cells aka Regulatory |
| Cell-mediated immunity and Antibody-mediated immunity have communication and feedback that act as a ______ and _______ to keep our auto immune response from over reacting and attacking healthy tissue. | checks and balance |
| All cells have ___________ capability of producing these. | Class I MHC protien |
| ______ ________ process, package, modifies proteins | Golgi apparatus |
| The __________ manufactures proteins in our cells. | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| ______ protiens says, "hey this antigen is dangerous get rid of it"! | Class II MHC |
| _______ contains digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| Phagocytic antigen-presenting cell= _________ | class II MHC |
| Lysosome action produces __________ fragments. | antigenic |
| When a phagocyte "waves a red flag" ____________ that leads to the activation of _________ cells which have _______markers. | T CD4 |
| CD4 cells included ____ & ______ cells. | Regulatory (suppressor) T cells Helper T cells |
| Activation of T cells lead to _______ & _________ of of T cells. | cell division & maturation |
| When a general body cell is infected, it waves a red flag and )__________ leads to activation of T cells __________. | CLASS I MHC CD8 (includes the cytotoxic (killer) t cells. |
| this is cell is the "General" (he is in charge!) | T cell |
| AIDS goes after this cell._______ | T cell |
| Antibody mediated immunity involves _________ which have matured in the _______ ________. | B lymphocytes Bone marrow |
| Once matured, B cells reside in ________ & _________, will circulate in the plasma and lymph. | Lymph nodes & Spleen |
| Antibody mediated immunity is directed against pathogens in the ____________ ________. | Extracellular fluid |
| B Lymphocytes are responsible for the production of _______ _______ in response to an ___________. | antibody molecules antigen |
| Antibodies are built to bind to _______ ______. | specific antigens |
| Antibody molecules produced by ___ _____ circulate in the blood and enter the tissue via ___________. | B cells inflammation |
| Humoral immunity is only effective against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses ____________________________. | PRIOR to these agents entering cells. |
| Viruses consist of ________ & _________. | DNA & RNA |
| List the life cycle of a virus. | 1.Attachement 2.Entry-RNA enters 3.Reverse transciption-takes over the host cell and commands the cell to produce more viruses. 4.Biosynthesis-new viruses fill cell until the cell lysis(splits) releasing new viruses 5.Maturation 6.Release |
| Sometimes the virus will integrate the viral DNA into the host DNA crfeating _____/______ cells which may result in cancer cells. | mutated/abnormal |
| HIV is a _____ _______. | retro virus |
| HIV host cell is the __________ | helper T cells (specifically CD4 T cells) |
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mandocomando