Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Sociology2
Test 2 for Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Socialization | Process where people learn attitudes, values & behaviors |
| Culture | Totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. |
| Cultural Universals | George Murdoch - Certain general practices among a society. |
| Society | A fairly large number of people are said to constitute a society when they live in the same territory, relatively independent of people outside it and participate in a common culture. |
| Discovery | Making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality. Ex - new species of animal |
| Invention | Existing cultural items combined to form & item or object that didn't exist before. Ex. - the internet |
| Diffusion | Process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. Ex. - Starbucks in China |
| Innovation | Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture. Ex. - Online dating |
| McDonaldization of Society | George Ritzer - The process through which the principles of the fast food rest. Have come to dominate certain sectors of society. |
| Gerhard Lenski | Defined technology as "information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires." |
| Material Culture | Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. Ex. Checking email |
| Nonmaterial Culture | Ways of using material objects and to customs, beliefs, philosophies, & patterns of communication. |
| Culture Lag | Period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions. |
| Language | An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. |
| Formal Norms | An established standard of behavior maintained by society. |
| Law | Formal norms that are enforced by the state. Ex. Speeding |
| Informal Norms | Understood norms that are not precisely recorded. - ex. Belching in church |
| Mores | Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society often because they embody the most cherished principles of the people. |
| Folkways | Norms governing everyday behavior. |
| Example of Norms | wearing socks that match. |
| When are Norms Likely to be violated? | When 2 or more norms conflict. |
| Sanctions | Penalties & rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. |
| Sanctions | Fired from job for poor performance or Girl Scout receives badge for good job. |
| Positive Formal Sanctions | Rec. a pay raise. |
| Dominant Ideology | Describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic & political interests. |
| Subculture | A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. |
| What Perspective? Sociological Perspective believes that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education and media. | Conflict Perspective |
| Subculture | Sociological concept describes professional gamblers, American teenagers and nudists. |
| Which Perspective? Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the values of the specialized medical language? | Interactionist Perspective |
| Argot | Specialized language sued by members of a subculture. |
| Counter Culture | When a subculture deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. Ex. Armed militia groups, terrorists, hippies. |
| Culture Shock | Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. |
| Culture Shock | Example - man goes to the urologist and finds out the dr. that will examine him is a female. |
| Ethnocentrism -William Graham Sumner | William Graham Sumner - The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to all others. |
| Ethnocentrism Example | Member of church believes they have found the one true way to salvation and all others will go to hell. |
| Cultural Relativism Example | Makes serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values and customs in light of the distinctive cultural differences. |
| Nature VS Nurture | Relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process. |
| Sociobiology | The systematic study of the biological bases of human social behavior. |
| Sociologist Define Self As? | A distinct identity that separates one apart from others. |
| Which Perspective? The sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of? | Interactionist Perspective |
| Looking-glass Self -Cooley | Self is the product of our social interactions with other people. |
| Incorrect Self identity | Cooley - looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity due to misconceptions of how others see us may lead to incorrect self identity. |
| Preparatory Stage - George Herbert Mead | George Herbert Mead - Children imitate people around them especially family members w/ whom they continually interact. |
| Symbols | Gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communications. |
| Play Stage - George Herbert Mead | Mead - A child begins to "become" a dr. , a parent, or a superhero. |
| Role Taking | Process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint. |
| Game Stage - George Herbert Mead | Mead - Child 8-9 can respond to numerous members of the social enviro. And grasp his distinctive social positions. begins to consider several tasks & relationships simultaneously. Grasp their social positions and those of others. |
| Generalized Other - George Herbert Mead | Child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. Ex. Don't pick your nose in public, behavior controlled by generalized other. |
| Significant Others - George Mead | Parents, siblings, .. Those most important in develop. Self. |
| Impression Management - Goffman | Goffman - Altering of the presentation of the self. |
| Dramaturgical - Goffman | Goffman - Approach is a view of social interaction under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers. |
| Rites of Passage | Means of dramatizing & validating changes in a persons status. Ex. High school graduation. |
| Life-Course Theorists | Suggest socialization influences people throughout entire life. |
| Anticipatory Socialization | Person rehearses for future positions, occupations & social relationships. |
| Resocialization | Process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. |
| Total Institution - Goffman | Goffman - Cut off from society. All aspects of life conducted in same place. Ex. Prison, mental hospital. |
| Degradation Ceremony | Prisoner stripped of all cloths when entering prison. |
| Which Perspective? Schools in US foster competition through build0in systems of rewards and punishments. | Conflict Perspective |
| Which Perspective? Schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of a larger society. | Interactionist Perspective |
| TRUE OR FALSE A primitive tribe that cultivates the soil by hand has much more culture than a modern computerized society. | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - Democracy is a good example of an invention. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - Wearing two different colored socks and a tie that does not match the shirt with which it is being worn are examples of folkways and informal norms. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - In a society virtually all citizens follow the same set of norms and values. | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of production beliefs about reality through religion, education and the media. | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture is know as cultural relativism. | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - In the early 1900's Cooley advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - The second stage of development in Mead's model is the game stage? | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall and casual acquaintances are all considered as significant others. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - Individuality is often lost within total institutions. | TRUE |
| Globalization | world-wide integration of gov. policies, cultures, social movement & financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. |
| Innovation | intro. A new idea or object. |
| Discovery | making known or sharing some aspect of reality |
| Invention | existing items are combined into a form that didn't exist |
| Diffusion | process of items spreading from group to group. |
| Formal Norms | written down and strictly followed - laws are followed |
| Informal Norms | understood behaviors, but not recorded |
| Mores | deemed highly necessary to welfare of society. |
| Folkways | everyday behavior, less formal than mores |
| Socialization | process of learning basic attitudes, values, behaviors |
| Re-socialization | unlearning unacceptable attitudes values or behaviors |
| Anticipatory Socialization | Person rehearses for future positions, occupations & social relationships. |
| Family | biggest influence |
| School | teaching children the values & customs of larger society. |
| Peer Group | family becomes less important and peers more important |
| Media & Technology | can introduce new idea and other cultures |
| Workplace | reality of adulthood |
| Religion & State | rights of passage. |
| Social Interaction | the way in which people respond to one another |
| Social Structure | the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships |
| Philip Zimbardo | relationship b/w social structure and social interaction. |
| Philip Zimbardo | prison study demonstrated that social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur. |
| Which Perspective? "definition of the situation" can mold the thinking and personality of the individual is associated with which perspective? | Interactionist perspective. |
| William I Thomas | notes people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that the person or situation has from them. View represents - Interactionist perspective. |
| Status | any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. |
| Ascribed Status | a socially position 'assigned' to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Ex. Being American or Mexican |
| Achieved Status | Status that is earned and achieved through effort. ex. NBA Player |
| Which Perspective? ...Is especially interested because they often confer privileges or reflect a persons membership in a subordinate group. | Conflict perspective |
| Master Status | Status that dominates others and thereby determines a persons general position in society. |
| Social Role | Set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. |
| Performance of Social Roles | Performance of a social role varies from individual to individual. |
| Role Conflict | Incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions. Ex. Boss & Friend |
| A Group | Any number of people w/ similar norms, values, & expectations who interact w/ one another on a regular basis. Ex. Members of class |
| Why we seek groups. | To establish friendships accomplish certain goals, fulfill social roles they have acquired |
| Primary Groups | Small group that is characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. Ex. Neighborhood softball team |
| Primary Groups | Plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of rolls and status. |
| Secondary Groups | A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. Ex. United Nations General Assembly |
| In-Groups & Out-Groups : Sumner | William Graham Sumner - In-Group people feel they belong / Out-Group people do NOT feel they belong. |
| Reference Groups | Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. |
| Social Network | A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others & through them indirectly to more. |
| Social Networks | Link and connect people |
| Social Institutions | Organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs. Ex - US Gov. |
| Emile Durkheim | Suggested as society becomes more complex the nature of solidarity becomes more decentralized. |
| Fernand Tonnies | Concepts Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft |
| Gemeinschaft | Rural life - social interactions are intimate and familiar |
| Gesellschaft | Urban life - Social interaction is likely to be impersonal and task oriented. |
| Sociocultural Evolution | change & development in human societies that results from cumulative growth in their stores of cultural information. |
| Gerhard Lenski | Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of technology. |
| Gerhard Lenski Developed | Analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguished b/w pre-industrial and industrial societies. |
| Hunting & Gathering | Pre-industrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiber are readily available in order to live |
| Agrarian Society | Most tech. advanced form of pre-industrial society, whose members are engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations as the plow. |
| Industrial Society | Depends on mechanization to produce it's goods & services. |
| Characteristics of emergence of Industrial Society | 1. rely on mechanical power. 2. centralized work place. 3. formal education |
| Post Industrial Society | economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information |
| Daniel Bell - Functionalist Perspective | views trans. From industrial to post industrial as pos. development. b/c he sees general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned w/ national issues. |
| Post Modern Society | technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied w/ consumer goods and media images. |
| Formal Organizations | special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency. |
| Formal Organ. Examples | USPS, ACC, FexEx |
| Bureaucracy | Component of formal organization in which rules,& hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency. |
| Max Weber - Bureaucracy | Emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, gov., education & business. |
| Ideal Type | Construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated |
| Division of Labor | working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job w/ max. efficiency. |
| Trained Incapacity | Tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. |
| Charact. Of Bureaucracies - Weber | 1. Div. of Labor 2. Hierarchy of Authority 3. Written rules & regs 4. Impersonality 5. Employment based on tech. qual. |
| Goal Displacement | Over zealous conformity to official regulations |
| Peter Principle | Notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
| Economic Reward | classical theory of formal org. believe workers are motivated entirely by money |
| Human Relation Approach | the roles of people, communication, participation w/ in a bureaucracy. |
| TRUE OR FALSE The ability to define social reality clearly reflects a groups power within a society. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE - In the US ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important impact on one's potential to achieve a desired professional and social status. | TRUE |
| T OR F - The mass media are an example of social institution. | TRUE |
| T OR F - The Gesellschaft places greater emphasis on ascribed statuses than a Gemeinschaft. | FALSE |
| T OR F - The postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass. Scale. | TRUE |
| T OR F - Formal organizations began to emerge as contemporary societies shifted to more advanced forms or technology and their social structures became more complex. | TRUE |
| T OR F - According to Max Weber, Bureaucracies would be very similar in efficiency to that of a family-run business. | FALSE |
| T OR F - One of the dysfunctions of the hierarchy of authority that is charact. Of bureaucracies is that it leads to goal displacement. | FALSE |
| T OR F - A negative consequence of the written rules and regs of a bureaucracy is that they contribute to feelings of alienation. | FALSE |
| T OR F - Telecommuting may move society further along to continuum from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft. | TRUE |
Created by:
skenyon