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ENG390-2
Test Two Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the minimum requirements for a declarative sentence? | A subject and a verb and a period. |
| What is a predicate? | The verb and everything that comes after it in a sentence. |
| True or false? A sentence contains a subject and a predicate? | TRUE |
| How short can a valid sentence be? | Two words. A nound and a verb. "Jesus wept." |
| Name the determiners. | A, an, and the. |
| What type of sentence is this: The silly student found a clown nose at the library. | Transitive/prepositional |
| What type of sentence is this: The silly student found a clown wig. | Transitive. |
| What is ambiguity? | The act of a sentence being unclear. Ex. She fed her dog food. (Who did she feed? Her dog or her friend?) |
| True or false? Noun phrases can have just one word, just a noun, a determiner, demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers, intensifiers, adjectives, and a prepositional phrase. | TRUE. |
| Label each part of the sentence: Those seven very silly senior students slept through class. | Det, quan, inter, adj, adj, noun, verb, prep, noun. |
| What are the 5 functions of a noun phrase? | 1. the subject 2. the direct object 3. the object of the preposition 4. the indirect object. 5. the predicate nominative. |
| What type of sentence is this? David gave his mom a new shotgun. | Di-transitive, because it has 2 noun phrases that refer to the subject. |
| What type of sentence is this? David gave a new shotgun to his mother. | Transitive/prep. The rearrangement of the sentence leaves one NP referring to the subject and the 2nd NP is prepositional. |
| True or False? You can't have an indirect object unless you have a direct object. | TRUE. |
| True or False? You can have an indirect object without having a direct object? | FALSE |
| True or False? The indirect object needs to come before the direct object? | TRUE |
| True or False? The it doesn't matter whether the indirect object comes before or after the direct object? | FALSE. |
| What type of sentence is this? The lucky man will hide under a helpful hat. | Intransitive/prepositional. Why? Because there is no direct object. We do not know what the lucky man is hiding only where. |
| What type of sentence is this? A conscientious teacher should recline in this old chair. | intransitive/prepositional. Why? because we do not know what the teacher is reclining only where it is happening. |
| Identify the NP in this sentence? The students with good grades are taking some chili from Nixa to their friends in Neosho. | The students with good grades some chili from Nixa to their friends in Neosho. |
| What is nominalization? | it is decluttering a sentence from prepositional phrases. |
| Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: She is nice. | Linking verb IS. |
| Identify the adjective phrase in the sentence: She is very nice. | VERY NICE. |
| Identify the adverbial phrase in the sentence: She is under the rock. | UNDER THE ROCK. Why is this adverbial and not prepositional? Because it tells where so it is acting as an adverb. |
| Identify the adverbial phrase in the sentence: She is upstairs. | UPSTAIRS. Because it answers the question WHERE? |
| Identify the adverbial phrase in the sentence: She is always upstairs. | ALWAYS UPSTAIRS. Because it answers the question when and where. |
| Identify the capitalized portion of the sentence: She is A GENIUS. | it is a Predicate Nominative. A Noun phrase following the VERB BE. |
| Identify the capitalized portion of the sentence: Sam is THE CLASS PRESIDENT. | Predicate Nominative. It renames the subject SAM. |
| Can you swap positions of the subject and predicate nominative in every sentence? | No. |
| When can you swap the position of the subject and predicate nominative? | When the subject and nominative are a person and that person's position it is possible. |
| What is a lexicon? | our words, morphemes and tenses but more than just our vocabulary. |
| What is a constituent? | Grammatically unified part of a construction (e.g., words are constituents in a phrase, phrases are constituents of clauses or sentences. |
| What is construction? | Grammatically unified groups of words, e.g., gerund constructions and infinitive constructions (aka non-finite verbal phrases) which function in NP slots. |
| What is deep structure? | Kernal sentences in the deep structure are simple sentences, a single clause with a tensed (finite) verb. These deep structure sentences are declarative, positive, and active. No transformational processes have taken place (e.g., insertion, movement, de |
| What is a determiner? | Class of elements that precede a head noun in a NP. |
| What is the head? | The main grammatical word in a phrase, which determines the category of the phrase. |
| What is a phrase? | A grammatically unified group of words containing a head word (e.g., the head in a NP is a noun or pronoun). |
| What is surface structure? | Diagram that results after the application of transformations. |
| What is transformation? | A rule that changes one tree into another. Deep structure sentences can be transformed into negative, interrogative, passive, compound, and complex “surface structure” sentences. |
| What is transformational-generative grammar? | A model for understanding syntax developed by Noam Chomsky (Syntactic Structures, 1957; Aspects of a Theory of Syntax, 1965). Includes the concept of competence and performance (see Chapter 1), and introduced tree diagrams for graphic representation of p |
| What is a tree diagram? | A graphic representation of sentence structure. |
| What is a yes/no question? | a question that can be answered yes or no. Also one of four constituency tests to determine whether a given string of words constitutes a phrase. |
| What is a verb phrase? | verb + complements + modifiers. Modifiers can go at beginning or end but complement always follows right after the head word (verb) |
| What is a transitive verb? | must have a direct object (a NP complement) |
| What is a transitive sentence? | A sentence that has a direct object. |
| What is tense-hopping? | : transformation means to create an affirmative statement by which the tense marker is attached to the main verb rather than to the (implied) auxiliary |
| What is syntax? | Syntax is the discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together. |
| What is surface structure? | in transformational grammar, the formal structure of a sentence as it actually occurs in speech and as distinguished from the abstract, underlying deep structure |
| What are the first 4 semantic roles? | Agent--the doer or actorr, the cause of an event or action. Patient--the entity affected by the action of the agent. Recipient--the reciever of the result of the Agent's action. Instrument--means by which the action is carried out by the Agent. |
| What are the second 3 semantic roles? | Locative--location of the event. Experiencer--the perciever of a stimulus Stimulus--entity percieved/experienced by an experiencer. |
| What are semantics? | is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata. Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used by humans to express themselve |
| What is pro-form? | If a string of words can be replaced with a pro-form, then it is a phrase. A conscientious teacher would remove this old hat. She would remove it. The Pro-form test shows that the NPs a conscientious teacher and this old hat are both phrases. |
| What is a prepositional phrase? | consists of preposition + complement |
| What is a predicate adjective? | an adjective that appears after the linking verb seem. The paper seemed satisfactory. The answer seems correct. |
| What are the phrase structure rules? | The means by which deep structure kernal sentences are generated |
| What is a phrasal verb? | Two-word verbs, consisting of a verb plus a particle (intransitive preposition). Break up, put on, take off, throw up |
| What are the phrasal categories and their functions? | Each phrase belongs to category, (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition) and also serves a function (subject, specifier, complement, modifier) |
| What is partical movement? | A test to differentiate a Phrasal verb from a Prepositional phrase; if the preposition part of a phrasal verb, can move to the right of its direct object then it is a phrasal verb. |
| What is a particle? | an intransitive preposition (Textbook); a function word that does not belong to any of the inflected grammatical word classes (such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, or articles). It is a catch-all term for a heterogeneous set of words and terms that lack a pre |
| What is the object complement? | A noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a direct object and renames it. Ex. They named the baby Frank. (Frank renames the baby.) |
| What is a noun phrase? | Any phrase whose head is the noun or pronoun and the accompanying modifiers. |
| What are the noun modifiers? | It is a word or phrase that enhances or makes more specific the word it describes. Adjectives modify nouns. Ex. (The ugly dress.) |
| What is a negative statement? | includes the word “no” or “not” |
| What are modifiers? | an optional descriptive element that is not necessary for the well-formedness of a phrase: strictly between us, three miles into the air, right up the chimney |
| What is a linking verb (LV)? | Takes a predicate complement which describes a NP that appeared earlier in the sentence. For most linking verbs, the predicate complement is an AdjP. |
| What is an intransitive verb? | A verb that does not need a complement |
| What is a intransitive sentence? | A sentence that does not have a Direct Object |
| What is an emphatic statement? | You will get a haircut. |
| What is do-support? | refers to the use of the auxiliary verb do in negative, emphatic or interrogative sentences that do not contain other auxiliaries. May be a “dummy” auxiliary, as in “ Beth got a hair cut” = Beth did get a haircut |
| What does di-transitive mean? | It means that the sentence has two noun phrases in it, one is the direct object and the other the indirect object. |
| What is a cleft sentence? | It is a complex sentence which has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically provide focus by special intonation. |
| What is an auxiliary? | appears before the verb in statements (can swim, will understand, may leave) but move to the left in questions. There two classes: modal (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and must) and auxiliary verbs (have, be progressive, be passive |
| What is an affirmative statement? | a simple positive statement: This old man can swim. |
| What is an adverbial? | In grammar an adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb. The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, meaning 'having the same fu |
| What is an adverb phrase? | a group of two or more words operating adverbially, when viewed in terms of their syntactic function. Ex: I'll go to bed when I've finished my book. |
| What is an adjective phrase? | : An adjectival phrase or adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. Just as a regular one-word adjective, adjective phrases are used to modify nouns or pronouns. That is to say, they give an additional detail about the meaning of a nou |
| Identify the agent in this sentence: In Springfield, some people eat chicken with their hands. | PEOPLE is the Agent or the doer of the action. |
| In this sentence identify the instrument: In Springfield, some people eat chicken with their hands. | HANDS is the instrument used by the agent to carry out the action of eating. |
| In this sentence identify the patient: In Springfield, some people eat chicken with their hands. | CHICKEN is the patient or the entity affected by the action of the agent. |
| In this sentence identify the locative: In Springfield, some people eat chicken with their hands. | SPRINGFIELD is the locative or the location of the event. |
| In this sentence identify the patient: The boy was bitten by the dog. | BOY is the patient or the entity affected by the action of the agent. |
| In this sentence identify the agent: The boy was bitten by the dog. | DOG is the agent or the doer of the action. |
| In this sentence identify the stimulus: The sun feels hot to me. | SUN is the stimulus or the entity percieved. |
| In this sentence identify the experiencer: The sun feels hot to me. | ME is the experiencer or the perciever of a stimulus. |
| True or False: You can transform a sentence from active to passive even if it's not a transitive sentence. | FALSE. It must be a transitive sentence. Ex: The car hit the student.(Active) to: The student was hit by the car. (Passive) |
| What is a verb particle? | Good question. It looks like a preposition but it's problematic because it's usually an idiom and doesn't translate well. Ex: He turned UP the volume. vs. He INCREASED the volume. |
| What is a phrasal verb? | It consists of a verb and and verb particle. Ex: He CUT UP the onion. (up the onion appears to be a PP but isn't in this weird idiom form). |
Created by:
RBurkhardt
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