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Digestive System
anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of the digestive system? | Responsible for obtaining food items, evolution, breakdown, absorption of nutrients, and renewal of food items |
| ______________: 30 foot muscular tube that contains the hollow organs of the digestive system. This is the path that food travels along during the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients. | Alimentry tract |
| Steps of the digestive system | 1.Ingestions 2.masticantion 3.secretion 4.Digestion 5.Absorption 6.Excretion |
| (Food entering digestive system) | Ingestion |
| chewing | mastcantion |
| (Release of chemicals to aid in digestion) | secretion |
| Chemical process of breaking down food into smaller molecules | digestion |
| (Nutrient absorption into blood stream) | Absorption |
| (Defecation-the removal of unusable materials as feces) | Excretion |
| How does food travel through the digestive system? | 1.mouth 2.pharynx 3.esophagus 4.stomach 5.S.Intestant 6.L. Intestant |
| These organs are ______________of the alimentary canal, but they do play an important role in the process of digestion: | accessory organs |
| what are some accessory organs? | -liver -gall bladder -pancreas |
| Mouth/Oral Cavity purpose | -receives/ingests food -evaluates food -mechanically breaks down food -chemially breaks down food -moisened |
| Creates a moist ball of food called _________ that moves through the digestive system. | bolus |
| Parts of the Mouth/Oral Cavity: (7) | Labia (lips) Hard/Soft Palate Uvula Tongue Salivary Glands Teeth Cheeks (buccal) |
| Tongue parts? | -Skeletal Muscle -taste receptors -manipulates food while chewing -aids in swalling -lingual frenulum |
| __________ that attaches tongue to bottom of mouth | -lingual frenulum |
| salivary glands parts | -lining the oral cavity -amylase |
| Produce about ________ liters of saliva daily | 1.5 liters |
| ___________: an enzyme that breaks down starches. | amylase |
| __________ helps to moisten food | saliva |
| ___________ helps to reduce amount of mouth bacteria | saliva |
| Teeth responsible for?? | mastication (tearing, chewing, biting) |
| Teeth (baby teeth): Come in around 6 months and eventually falls out to make room for the permanent teeth. 20 in number | deciduous |
| ______________ Teeth: Grow in around 6-12 years of age. 32 in number | Permanent |
| ______________ teeth. Four molars in the back of the mouth that grow in around 17-22 years of age | wisdom |
| __________- Blade shaped teeth used to cut food. Found in front of mouth | Incisors |
| __________ (canine teeth)-Holding tearing or slashing food | Cuspids |
| ___________ (premolars)- transitional teeth used for crushing and grinding | Bicuspid |
| __________- Flattened topped teeth used for crushing and grinding | molars |
| Parts of the tooth: | -Crown -neck -root |
| visible part of the tooth covered by enamel | crown |
| Connects the crown to the root. Not visible | neck |
| Part of the tooth nestled into the bony socket of the jaw. | root |
| Internal Parts of the tooth: | -dentine -pulp cavity -root canal |
| ____________: Bone like substance found underneath the enamel | dentine |
| _____________: contains the blood vessels and nerves of the tooth | -pulp cavity |
| ______________: The cavity through the root which blood vessels and nerves travel to get to the pulp cavity from the jaw | root canal |
| Pharynx is Throat region behind ___________ that accepts food after it is swallowed. | oral cavity |
| Pharynx Connects mouth to the _______________ | esophagus |
| As bolus is swallowed, it will move down the pharynx, over the _____________ (which closes off the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs), and down into the esophagus | epiglottis |
| Approximately 10 inches long | Esophagus |
| Esophagus Transports food from the pharynx to the ___________ | stomach |
| Normally a collapsed tube unless bolus is moving through it. | Esophagus |
| Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle helps to push the bolus down the length of the esophagus This contraction is called __________________ | peristalis |
| _______________: gateway into the stomach | Cardiac Sphincter |
| What is heartburn (aka pyrosis)? | stomach acid moving up through the Cardiac Sphincter and entering the esophagus |
| Four basic tissue types that form the walls of the Alimentary canal from this point on: | mucosa (sratified Squamous), submucosa (connective), musclaris externa (smooth), serosa/ viscera peritoneum (connvetive) |
| Inner most layer: ______________. Lines the lumen (interior) canal of the digestive tract | mucosa |
| Contains stratified squamous with some connective tissue and a smooth muscle layer surrounding it | mucosa |
| what has Cells to secrete digestive enzymes | mucosa |
| Goblet cells to create ___________ for lubrication | mucosa |
| 2) _________________: Layer that surrounds the mucosa | submucosa |
| Composed of connective tissue Blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and nerve endings | submucosa |
| ___________________: Layer containing two layers of smooth muscle | musclaris externa |
| Inner most layer encircles the canal Outer layer is longitudinal and runs along the canal These muscles drive peristalsis | musclaris externa |
| _______________________: Fluid producing cells supported by connective tissue | serosa/ viscera peritoneum |
| Covers the organs of the alimentary canal Connects and lines the wall of the abdominal pelvic cavity. | serosa/ viscera peritoneum |
| is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity and is almost completely covered by the liver. | stomach |
| Approximately 10 inches long with a varying diameter (depending on how full it is) | stomach |
| Can expand to hold up to 4 liters (almost a gallon) of food | stomach |
| Stomach expansion is due to deep, mucous-coated folds called ________________. | rugae |
| Acts as a tempory holding area for received food | stomach |
| Stomach Secretes _____________and _____________, which mixes with the food causing chemical digestion | gastric acid and enzymes |
| Stomach Regulates the rate at which partially digested food (______________) enters the small intestine | Chyme |
| Absorbs a small amounts of water and substances on a very limited basis | stomach |
| ______________: Thick, heavy cream-like liquid/semisolid mixture of food and gastric juices. | Chyme |
| Liquids and carbohydrates pass through rather quickly Proteins and fats take longer…the entire 4-6 hours. | stomach |
| The stomach is divided into four regions: | Cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus |
| ____________ region: surrounds the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter). | cardiac |
| This region is located near the heart…why indigestion is sometimes called heartburn. | cardiac |
| _____________: Lateral and slightly superior to the cardiac region. | fundus |
| Temporarily holds the food once it enters the stomach | fundus |
| ________: The midpoint of the stomach…and the largest region. | body |
| _____________: The funnel-shaped, terminal end of the stomach. Most of the digestive work is performed in this region of the stomach. | pylorus |
| _______________: Sphincter ring that acts as a doorway for the chyme to pass from the stomach into the small intestine. | Pyloric sphincter |
| Three layers of smooth muscles work together in the stomach to mix and churn the food to mix with the gastric juices secreted by the walls of the stomach. | Pyloric sphincter |
| ____________: Secrete Pepsinogen…which will combine with Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) to make pepsin. Pepsin chemically digests proteins | Cheif cells |
| ______________: Secretes HCl to kill pathogen, activate pepsinogen and break down connective tissue in meats | Pariental cells |
| ______________: Secrete Alakine mucus which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid. Helps to keep the stomach from digesting itself | mucous cells |
| _______________: Secrete the hormone gastrin that stimulates gastric gland secretion. | Endocrine cells |
| Located in the central and lower abdominal cavity between the stomach and the large intestine. -Is THE major organ of digestion! | small intestine |
| secrete several digestive enzymes that are important for the final stages of chemical digestion. | small intestine |
| The walls also secrete two hormones that stimulate the release of chemicals from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder. | small intestine |
| 80% of __________________occurs in the small intestine. | nutrient absorption |
| ___________________: First 25-30 cm of the small intestine. | Duodenum |
| Connects to the stomach by the pyloric sphincter -Additional secretions from the Liver, Pancreas and gall bladder comes enters the small intestines here. These secretions arrive via the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. | Duodenum |
| Middle section of the small intestine. Approximately 2.5 meters (8 feet) long. | Jejunum |
| Terminal end of the small intestine. Is 6-12 feet long and attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve. | Ileum |
| Point at which the small intestines attach to the stomach Acts as a traffic light to allow small portions of chyme to enter the duodenum Important because the small intestines can only process so much food at one time. | Pyloric valve |
| is important to note because the gall bladder and the pancreas both dump secretions into this area. | Duodenum |
| Sends bile to the duodenum via the | gall bladder |
| emulsifies fat…breaks it down to make it easier to digest | bile duct |
| Sends multiple enzymes and bicarbonate to the duodenum | Pancreas |
| neutralizes stomach acid | Bicarbonate |
| Digest disaccharides | Lactase, Maltase, Sucrase |
| Digest proteins into amino acids | Peptidase |
| Digest fats into smaller parts for absorbtion | Lipase |
| Also break down proteins into amino acids | Proteinases |
| Break down nucleic acids into smaller , absorbable components | Nucleases |
| The small intestine also releases two hormones to stimulate accessory organs into releasing their products: (2) | Secretin; Cholecystokinin |
| Stimulates the release of bicarbonate and water from the pancreas and liver. Slows stomach activity | Secretin |
| Stimulates digestive enzyme release from pancreas and bile release from gall bladder. | Cholecystokinin (CCK): |
| On the top of the cells of the villi are even smaller hair like extensions | microvilli |
| plicae circulares which in turn have finger like projections | villi |
| The wall of the small intestine is made up of circular folds called | plicae circulares |
| this absorbs the digested fats. | Lymphatic capillary called a lacteal: |
| these absorb digested sugar and amino acids. | Blood capillaries |
| take the sugars and amino acids to the liver for processing, short term storage, or distribution throughout the entire body. | blood capillaries |
| take the fat and immediately distributes it throughout the body. | Lacteals |
| Beginning at the junction with the end of the small intestine (the ileocecal orifice) and extending to the anus, the _____________almost totally borders the small intestine. | Large Intestine |
| Water Reabsorption | Large Intestine |
| Absorption of vitamins produced by normal bacteria in large intestine | Large Intestine |
| Packaging, compacting, and solidifying waste products for elimination out of the body | Large Intestine |
| There are no villi in the ___________, so very little nutrient absorption occurs here. | large intestine |
| Large Intestine Divided into three regions: | Cecum Colon Rectum |
| Receives any undigested food (like cellulose fiber) and water from the ileum of the small intestine | Cecum |
| Has the Veriform Appendix attached to it. Appendix is a 9 cm long, hollow, dead end tube lined with lymphatic vessels Believed to be a vestigial organ…but it may be used to help fight infection | Cecum |
| Prone to becoming blocked, causing inflammation called | appendicitis |
| The colon is divided into four sections based on their location in the body: | Acending, Transverse, Decending, Sigmoid |
| Travels up right side of body | acending |
| Travels across the top part of the abdomen | Transverse |
| Travels down the left side of the abdomen | decending |
| S shaped part that connects to the rectum | Sigmoid |
| acts as a storage area for the solid waste of the digestive system to accumulate until defecation | rectum |
| is undigested food that has been changed from a watery, soupy mass into a semisolid mass. | feces |
| If chyme moves too quickly through large intestines, then not enough water will be absorbed and ____________will occur | diarrhea |
| If chyme stays too long in the large intestine, too much water will be absorbed and __________ will occur. | constipation |
| There are large numbers of beneficial bacteria found in your intestines: | Further break down undigestible materials (fiber) Produce vitamin B and vitamin K Produce Flatulence, which is production of gas from anaerobic respiration off of the fiber in your diet. |
| Largest organ glandular organ of the body, largest organ of the abdominal pelvic region. | liver |
| Plays central role in the metabolism of the human body | liver |
| Detoxifies the body Creates body heat | liver |
| duct takes bile from the liver and stores it in the gall bladder. | hepatic |
| Green, sac-shaped organ that is located under the right lobe of the liver | gallbladder |
| Stores bile by reabsorbing most of the water from the bile…concentrating it. | gallbladder |
| Glandular organ that is considered to be both a part of the endocrine system and the digestive system. | pancreas |
| Located behind the stomach | pancreas |
| Produces many enzymes for digestion of food | pancreas |
| Produces many enzymes for digestion of food Produces bicarbonate buffers to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine. | pancreas |
| Stores and regulates glucose as glycogen. Create blood clotting proteins | liver |
| Destroy old cells and recycle their useable parts. Non reusable parts get made into bile | liver |
| Manufactures bile Stores and modify fats | liver |
| Synthesizes urea: a byproduct of protein metabolism Stores iron and vitamins Produces cholesterol | liver |
Created by:
lax5