string of Prescription Abbreviations, translated into regular words for the patient to read.

Routes of administration describe the physical form in which medication will be delivered into the body.

given orally and pass through the GI tract to be absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized by the liver. This includes oral, naso-gastric, and rectal routes.

Parenteral medications

injected or placed into the body tissues and do not pass thru the liver before entering the bloodstream.

usually in the form of solutions or powders, which are mixed with a sterile diluent to render an injectable solution.

routes of administration are inhaled through the mouth or the nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream.

dosages are applied to the skin surface or a mucous membrane.

combined with fillers and is then compressed into a hard pellet.Not all oral Dosage Forms / tablets are swallowed.

tablets are placed under the tongue, wafers are placed on the tongue

tablets are placed between the cheek and the gum.

contained in a cylindrically shaped shell, which breaks open and the drug is released. This includes gelatin capsules.

The drug is dissolved completely into a liquid form.

The drug is mixed with, but not completely dissolved into a liquid. It needs to be shaken before administration in order to suspend the drug particles evenly.

Contain a high concentration of sucrose or sugar to sweeten, for ease of use.

contain between 5% and 40% alcohol.

May contain as little as 17 % alcohol or as much as 80% alcohol

is a suspension involving one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix. (oil in water or water in oil)

drugs are in a powder form and are usually dissolved in juice or water before administration

are meant to be dissolved slowly in the mouth and generally have a local effect

Solid or semi-solid bullet shaped dosage forms. They melt at body temperature, dispersing the medication.

A medicated adhesive patch applied directly on the skin to deliver a specific dosage of a drug. They have systemic effects and should be rotated to different sites on the body.

Inhaled through the mouth or nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream. They are often used to treat respiratory diseases, but gases are inhaled for general

Injected into the dura matter (epidural space) of the spinal cord

Injected into the vein. This allows for immediate adsorption. Intravenous includes IV push, IV piggyback and IV infusion or drip.

Injected into the fatty layer under the skin.

Injected into the top layer of the skin at a slight angle.

Injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord.

are a number system from ancient Rome

If a patient has a Sch 3-5 prescription with 5 refills of 100

but can only afford 50 at a time, they will only get 250 total. (not 500) Period

Generic Drug substitutions

may not be used unless the prescriber has authorized it. Generic Substitutions may only be used if the Prescriber has requested or authorized them.

DEA Controlled Drug Prescriptions Must contain at least :

Date issue, patient info,Practitioner info, Drug name, strenth, dose form and instructions, quantity, directions, # of refill, and VALID DEA #

Drug Enforcement Agency Numbers

The Drug Enforcement Agency assigns authorized Practitioners and Hospitals a unique number in order to keep track of the distribution of Scheduled drugs

No accepted medical use. Extremely high potential for abuse. High potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Marijuana, Heroin and MDMA(Extasy).

Does have medical use. High potential for abuse. Relative potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Oxycodone, Codeine and Ritalin.

Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam.

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Question	Answer
"sig"	string of Prescription Abbreviations, translated into regular words for the patient to read.
Dosage forms	Routes of administration describe the physical form in which medication will be delivered into the body.
Enteral medications	given orally and pass through the GI tract to be absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized by the liver. This includes oral, naso-gastric, and rectal routes.
Parenteral medications	injected or placed into the body tissues and do not pass thru the liver before entering the bloodstream.
Injectable drugs	usually in the form of solutions or powders, which are mixed with a sterile diluent to render an injectable solution.
Inhalation	routes of administration are inhaled through the mouth or the nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream.
Topical	dosages are applied to the skin surface or a mucous membrane.
Tablet	combined with fillers and is then compressed into a hard pellet.Not all oral Dosage Forms / tablets are swallowed.
Sublingual (SL)	tablets are placed under the tongue, wafers are placed on the tongue
BUCCAL	tablets are placed between the cheek and the gum.
a Capsule	contained in a cylindrically shaped shell, which breaks open and the drug is released. This includes gelatin capsules.
Caplet	is an oval-shaped tablet.
Oral Solutions	The drug is dissolved completely into a liquid form.
Oral Suspensions	The drug is mixed with, but not completely dissolved into a liquid. It needs to be shaken before administration in order to suspend the drug particles evenly.
Syrups	Contain a high concentration of sucrose or sugar to sweeten, for ease of use.
Elixirs	contain between 5% and 40% alcohol.
Tinctures	May contain as little as 17 % alcohol or as much as 80% alcohol
Emulsions	is a suspension involving one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix. (oil in water or water in oil)
Oral powders	drugs are in a powder form and are usually dissolved in juice or water before administration
Lozenges and Troches	are meant to be dissolved slowly in the mouth and generally have a local effect
Rectal Suppositories	Solid or semi-solid bullet shaped dosage forms. They melt at body temperature, dispersing the medication.
Transdermal patch	A medicated adhesive patch applied directly on the skin to deliver a specific dosage of a drug. They have systemic effects and should be rotated to different sites on the body.
Inhalation	Inhaled through the mouth or nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream. They are often used to treat respiratory diseases, but gases are inhaled for general
Parenteral	Injectable Preparations
Epidural	Injected into the dura matter (epidural space) of the spinal cord
Intravenous	Injected into the vein. This allows for immediate adsorption. Intravenous includes IV push, IV piggyback and IV infusion or drip.
Intramuscular	Injected into the muscle.
Subcutaneous	Injected into the fatty layer under the skin.
Intradermal	Injected into the top layer of the skin at a slight angle.
Intracardiac	Injected into the heart.
Intraocular	Injected within the eye.
Intrathecal	Injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord.
Intra-articular	Injected into the joint.
Roman numerals	are a number system from ancient Rome
L	Fifty
C	- One Hundred
D	- Five Hundred
M	- One Thousand
SS	- Half (1/2)
Controlled Substance	expire in 6 Months
Legend Drugs	expire in 12 Months
DEA Schedule II	NO REFILLS ALLOWED
DEA Schedule III thru V	up to 5, but only 5 times*
Legend Drugs	Up to 12 Months worth
If a patient has a Sch 3-5 prescription with 5 refills of 100	but can only afford 50 at a time, they will only get 250 total. (not 500) Period
Generic Drug substitutions	may not be used unless the prescriber has authorized it. Generic Substitutions may only be used if the Prescriber has requested or authorized them.
DEA Controlled Drug Prescriptions Must contain at least :	Date issue, patient info,Practitioner info, Drug name, strenth, dose form and instructions, quantity, directions, # of refill, and VALID DEA #
Drug Enforcement Agency Numbers	The Drug Enforcement Agency assigns authorized Practitioners and Hospitals a unique number in order to keep track of the distribution of Scheduled drugs
Schedule I	No accepted medical use. Extremely high potential for abuse. High potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Marijuana, Heroin and MDMA(Extasy).
Schedule II	Does have medical use. High potential for abuse. Relative potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Oxycodone, Codeine and Ritalin.
Schedule III	Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam.
Schedule V	Lowest abuse potential of the DEA Sch. Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch IV. Example: Cough medicine w/codeine or anti-diarrheals.
D.E.A. Form 222	must be used whenever Sch I or II drugs are bought, sold or transferred between Pharmacies or qualified distributors. For Sch III - V, a form 222 is not necessary.
Schedule II drug prescriptions also	Must be manually signed by the practitioner. No exceptions. → May not be Faxed or Called in, except for a valid emergency. → May not have any refills.
Clark's Rule uses Weight in Lbs, NEVER in Kg.	Adult Dose X (Weight ÷ 150) = Childs Dose
Youngs Rule uses Age.	Adult Dose X (Age ÷ (Age+12)) = Childs Dose
1cc	= 1 mL
5mL	= 1 tsp
15mL	= 1 tbsp
30mL	= 1 oz
480 mL	= 1 pt
3840 mL	= 1 gal
3 tsp	= 1 tbsp
2 tbsp	= 1 oz
16 oz	= 1 pt
2 pt	= 1 qt
4 qt	= 1 gal
1 oz	= 30 gm
1 lbs	= 454 gm
16 oz	= 1 lb
Temperature Conversions	5F = 9C + 160
Pharmacy Intravenous (IV) Calculations	VOLUME = RATE x TIME
concentration percentages	↓ SOLUTE SOLVENT V/V 1 ML 100 ML W/W 1 GM 100 GM W/V 1 GM 100 ML
Pharmacy	regulated by several agencies
FDA-Food and Drug Administration	Approve new drugs to be sold in the US, Process New Drug Applications (NDA), Regulate package inserts, Regulate advertising of drugs, issue recalls,
DEA- Drug Enforcement Agency	Federal Agency (U.S. Dept. of Justice), Enforce the CSA (CS act),Track CS manufactured and sold, Investigates all violations involving CS ,Set the DEA Sch. Definitions Set the DEA Sch. Definitions , Issue DEA Numbers
BOP- Board of Pharmacy (each state)	Regulate licensing of Pharmacists,Technicians, Set state laws / requirements, Outline the operating guidelines in the pharmacy, Investigate violations of the operating guidelines, Determine state regulated controlled substances, State agency
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations	Watches over Healthcare Organizations - Third Party Auditors / Regulators for insurance Providers
Schedule I	No accepted medical use. Extremely high potential for abuse. High potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Marijuana, Heroin and MDMA(Extasy).
Schedule II	Does have medical use. High potential for abuse. Relative potential for psychological and physical dependency. A few examples are: Oxycodone, Codeine and Ritalin.
Schedule III	Does have medical use. Moderate abuse potential exists, but less than Sch II. Examples are: Vicodin and Tylenol w/Codeine.
Schedule IV	Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam.
Schedule V	Lowest abuse potential of the DEA Sch. Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch IV. Example: Cough medicine w/codeine or anti-diarrheals.
D.E.A. Form 222	- must be used whenever Sch I or II drugs are bought, sold or transferred between Pharmacies or qualified distributors. The forms are only available through the DEA and errors are not acceptable on the form.
D.E.A. Form 222	In the case of an error, the form must be voided and kept on file and a new form used. For Sch III - V, a form 222 is not necessary.
Refills on Scheduled drugs	1) there are no refills allowed on Sch II drugs and 2)Sch II drug prescriptions cannot be "called in" or transmitted electronically unless it is an absolute emergency and certain criteria is met.
New Drug Initial Development	Pre-Clinical • Pre-Clinical (animal) testing.
Investigational New Drug Review (IND)	• Review of of Pre-Clinical Trial results. • Determination of safety to use on humans. • Authorization to ship across state lines.
Phase I	• Involves a small number of healthy volunteers.(25-100) • Safely tolerated dosages determined. • Identification of major side-effects • Emphasis on Safety and max tolerated dosages.
Phase II	Involves a few more volunteers.(100-300) • Emphasis on the drugs effect against what it's designed to treat. • Effects compared with similar patients receiving different treatments.
Phase III	• Involves a few more volunteers (300-3000). • Emphasis on the drugs overall effect. • Testing the drug in combination with other drugs. • Final Phase before presenting to FDA for approval.
Phase IV	• Ongoing / Post approval trials. • Healthcare professionals to report any adverse findings.
Time the process takes	This process can usually take 12-15 years, Patent only lasts 20 years from the time the application for patent was filed
Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906	• Known as the Pure Food and Drug Act • Provided authority for federal inspection of meat products and prohibited the sale of adulterated foods.
Narcotic Tax Act of 1914	Known as the Harrison Narcotic Act. Provided authority for Internal Revenue Service to collect tax on Opiates thru Tax Stamps. • Required that any entity which produced, distributed, dispensed or sold opiates be registered with the IRS.
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938	Known as FDCA 1938 Replaced the Food and Drug act of 1906. • Provided better clarification about misbranding definitions. • Provided better clarification about adulteration definitions. testing of new drugs for safety.
The Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951	• Created a distinction between "OTC" and "Legend Drugs" • Legend Drugs can only be dispensed with a valid Prescription. • Required Legend Drugs to carry the statement:"Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription.".
The Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962	Also known as the "Drug Efficacy Amendment" • Required drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness and safety of their drugs before approval . be more closely regulated and disclose accurate information about side effects
Drug Abuse Prevention / Control Act of 1970	• Also known as the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) • Completely replaced the Harrison Act. • Required the use of DEA Numbers • Required comprehensive record keeping and transaction tracking. • Enforced by the DEA under the US Dept. of Justice
Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970	• Also known as the PPPA • Designed to reduce the risk of children ingesting dangerous substances. • Required locking caps on most prescriptions
STATIN	CHOLESTEROL (HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor)
RAZOLE	PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR
ARTAN	A2RB (Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker)
PAM	BENZODIAZEPINES (BENZOS)
BENZODIAZEPINES (BENZOS)	BETA BLOCKER
PRIL	ACE INHIBITOR (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)
AZOSIN	ALPHA BLOCKER
ITIDINE	H2 ANTAGONIST
CILLIN	PENICILLIN ANTI-BIOTICS
FLOXACIN	FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS
CYCLINE	TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS
ROMYCIN	MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
A.C.E. Inhibitors	Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Avoiding Angiotensin II may avoid increased blood pressure and vasoconstriction. Usually have the suffix "PRIL"
A.2.R.B.	Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blockers block Angiotensin 2 enzymes from specific receptor sites. Avoiding Angiotensin 2 activity helps prohibit vasoconstriction. Usually have the suffix "ARTAN"
Anti-Biotics	Anti-Biotics inhibit the reproduction of new Bacteria cells. There are several varieties and Drug Class Definitions of Anti-Biotics.
Anti-Convulsants	Anti-Convulsants supress the rapid firing of neurons in the Nervous system (brain). Also known as Anti-epileptic drugs and Anti-Seizure drugs.
Anti-Diabetics / Sulfonylureas	lower glucose levels in the blood. They are only used to treat Type II Diabetes.
Benzodiazepines	Also know as "Benzos". Benzos are used as anti-anxiety agents, muscle relaxants, sedatives, and hypnotics. Usually have the suffix "PAM"
Beta Blockers (B1)	Also known as Beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Block adrenaline receptors, which are part of the central nervous system and mediate a "Fight or flight" response, which would cause actions in the heart. Usually have the suffix "OLOL".
Calcium Channel Blockers	Calcium channel blockers work by blocking calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels, thereby slowing down activity in the heart.
Diuretics	Diuretics are primarily used to treat hypertension. They promote evacuation of water from the body, which decreases the load on the cardiovascular system.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors	Also known as Statins. Inhibit the body's cholesterol production. Usually have the suffix "STATIN".
NSAID	Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are commonly used as pain killers and Fever Reducers. They are non-narcotic and can be sold OTC.
Opioid	Opioids provide an analgesic effect by decreasing the perception of pain and increase pain tolerance.
Proton Pump Inhibitors	Inhibit the action of the gastric proton pump, thereby reducing gastric acid production. Usually have the suffix "PRAZOLE".
S.S.R.I	Selective Seratonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors increase the bodys Seratonin level by inhibiting its re-uptake into the Presynaptic cell. Commonly used as an Anti-Depressant.

Created by: minh

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