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Med. Term. Ch5
Medical Terminology for Health Professions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood | cardiovascular system |
| vascul means what? | blood vessels |
| a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs | heart |
| the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart, also known as the pericardial sac | pericardium |
| means surrounding | peri- |
| the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium | epicardium |
| the middle and thickest of the heart's three layers and consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium |
| the constant contraction and relaxation of this muscle creates the pumping movement that maintains the flow of blood throughout the body | myocardium |
| consists of epithelial tissue, is the thinner lining of the heart | endocardium |
| means within | endo- |
| supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium | coronary arteries |
| the two upper chambers of the heart; they are the receiving chambers, and all blood vessels coming into the heart enter here | atria |
| the two lower chambers of the heart; they are the pumping chambers, and all blood vessels leaving the heart emerge from "these" | ventricles |
| means between | inter- |
| ventricul means what? | ventricle |
| controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
| located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| located between the left atrium and left ventricle | mitral valve |
| located between the let ventricle and the aorta | aortic semilunar valve |
| the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs | pulmonary circulation |
| carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs; this is the ONLY place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins | pulmonary arteries |
| carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart; this is the ONLY place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood | pulmonary veins |
| includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body EXCEPT the lungs | systemic circulation |
| located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava | sinoatrial node (SA node) |
| the impulses from the SA node also travel to the _____________ ______ | atrioventricular node (AV node) |
| large blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart to all regions of the body | arteries |
| what are the three major types of blood vessels? | arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| the largest blood vessel in the body, is the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart | aorta |
| the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head | carotid arteries |
| the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries | arterioles |
| form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart | veins |
| true or false: the walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of arteries | TRUE |
| true or false: veins have valves that enable blood to flow ONLY toward the heart and prevent it from glowing AWAY from the heart | TRUE |
| the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins | venules |
| the tow largest veins in the body; these are the veins that return blood into the heart | venae cavae |
| are only one epithelial cell in thickness and are the smallest blood vessels in the body | capillaries |
| the __________ form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues | capillaries |
| the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart | pulse |
| the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries | blood pressure |
| occurs when the ventricles CONTRACT, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery | systolic pressure |
| occurs when the ventricles are RELAXED, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery | diastolic pressure |
| the fluid tissue in the body; it is composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements | blood |
| a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products; "this" is 91% water, the remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins | plasma |
| ____________ and ____________ are the clotting proteins found in plasma; they have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding | fibrinogen and prothrombin |
| plasma fluid AFTER the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed | serum |
| mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow; the primary role of these cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues; also known as red blood cells | erythrocytes (RBC) |
| oxygen is transported by the ___________, which is the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes | hemoglobin |
| the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances; also known as white blood cells | leukocytes (WBC) |
| formed in red bone marrow, are the most common type of WBC; through phagocytosis, "these" play a major role in the immune system's defense against pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi | neutrophils |
| formed in red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBC; "these" are responsible for the symptoms of allergies | basophils |
| formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body; "these" destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions | eosinophils |
| formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; "these" identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them | lymphocytes |
| formed in red cone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen; through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms | monocytes |
| the smallest formed elements of the blood; "these" play an important role in the clotting of blood | thrombocytes |
| when a blood vessel in damaged, the ____________ are activated and become sticky; this action causes the thrombocytes to clump together to form a clot that stops the bleeding | thrombocytes |
| classified according to the presence, or absence, of certain antigens | blood types |
| what are the four major blood types? | A, B, AB, O |
| true or false: type O blood, both antigens are absent | TRUE |
| refers to the presence, or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells | Rh factor |
| about 85% of Americans are __ _______ (abbrev.); this means that these individuals HAVE the Rh antigen | Rh positive (Rh+) |
| the remaining 15% are Rh negative (abbrev.); this means that these individuals DO NOT HAVE to Rh antigen | Rh negative (Rh-) |
| the __ factor is an important consideration in cross-matching blood for transfusions | Rh |
| true or false: the Rh factor can cause difficulties when an Rh positive infant is born to an Rh negative mother | TRUE |
| gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood; the major gases are oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) | blood gases |
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart | cardiologist |
| any substance that the body regards as being foreign | antigen |
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues | hematologist |
| hemat/o means what? | blood |
| a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels | vascular surgeon |
| structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth | congenital heart defects |
| atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death | coronary artery disease |
| hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries | atherosclerosis |
| means plaque or fatty substance | ather/o |
| found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe | plaque |
| a characteristic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall | atheroma |
| means plaque | ather |
| a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart; these diseases are usually associated with coronary artery disease | ischemic heart disease |
| condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body | ischemia |
| means to hold back | isch |
| -emia means what? | blood |
| a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; these episodes are due to ischemia of the heart muscle | angina; also known as angina pectoris |
| the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; also known as a heart attack | myocardial infarction |
| occurs most commonly in the elderly; this is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives | heart failure; also referred to as congestive heart failure |
| the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability | cardiomegaly |
| an inflammation of the heart | carditis |
| an inflammation of the inner lining of th ehart | endocarditis |
| an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream; one cause of this condition is bleeding during dental surgery because it allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream | bacterial endocarditis |
| an inflammation of the myocardium; this uncommon condition can develop as a complication of a viral infection | myocarditits |
| an inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac; this fluid restricts the beating of the heart and reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body | pericarditis |
| peri- means what? | surrounding |
| the term uses to describe all diseases of the heart muscle | cardiomyopathy |
| -pathy means what? | disease |
| an abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels; "these" are most often caused by defective heart valves | heart murmur |
| an inflammation of a heart valve | valvulitis |
| valvul means what? | valve |
| the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely | valvular prolapse |
| means the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part | prolapse |
| a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart | valvular stenosis |
| an event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood | cardiac arrest |
| results is treatment is not provided within a few minutes | sudden cardiac death |
| describes an abnormality, or the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heartbeat | arrhythmia |
| an abnormally rapid resting heart rate; this term is usually applied to rates less than 60 beats per minute | bradycardia |
| an abnormally rapid resting heart rate; this term is usually applied to rates greater than 100 beats per minute | tachycardia |
| means rapid | tachy- |
| a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm; this is associated with certain heart disorders; however, it also occurs as part of a panic attack | palpitation |
| occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall; this condition causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria | atrial fibrillation, also known as fib |
| is an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium; "this" is caused by an abnormality in the body's electrical system | paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, also known as PAT |
| the rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles; instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively; this condition is the cause of many sudden cardiac deaths | ventricular fibrillation, also known as V fib |
| a very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles; this condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body | ventricular tachycardia |
| the inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel | angiitis or angitis, also known as vasculitis |
| the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel | angiostenosis |
| a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels | hemangioma |
| angi/o means what? | blood or lymph vessel |
| a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part | hypoperfusion |
| the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ | perfusion |
| a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time; "this" is a serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attach the affected arteries | polyarterisis |
| arteri/o means what? | artery |
| refers to disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain; these disorders usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys | peripheral vascular disease |
| an example of a peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis; it is a common, and serious, problem affecting more that 20% of patients over 70 years of age | peripheral arterial occlusive disease |
| impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs causes changes in the skin color and temperature, plus intermittent claudication... what disease is this? | peripheral arterial occlusive disease, also known as peripheral artery disease |
| a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress; the symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and then redness of the fingers and toes | raynaud's phenomenon |
| a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery; the rupture of an ____________ can be fatal because of the rapid loss of blood | aneurysm |
| any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls | arteriosclerosis |
| a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves; this condition primarily affects the feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into the tissues which causes discoloration of the skin | chronic venous insufficiency, also known as venous insufficiency |
| the inflammation of a vein; this usually occurs in a superficial vein | phlebitis |
| abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs; "these" occur when the valves in the veins malfunction and allow blood to pool in these veins, causing them to enlarge | varicose veins |
| the abnormal condition of having a thrombus | thrombosis |
| means clot | tromb |
| a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein | thrombus |
| the blocking of an artery by a thrombus | thrombotic occlusion |
| damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery | coronary thrombosis |
| coron means what? | crown |
| the condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein | deep vein thrombosis |
| the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus | embolism |
| means something inserted | embol |
| -ism means what? | condition |
| a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood | embolus |
| any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood | blood dyscrasia |
| a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron | hemochromatosis |
| chromat means what? | color |
| describes any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal; since these cells combat infection, this condition can place patients at an increased risk | leukopenia |
| an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow | polycythemia |
| a systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood, formerly known as blood poisoning | septicemia |
| a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood; because these cells help the blood to clot, this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding | thrombocytopenia |
| thromb/o means what? | thrombus |
| cyt/o means what? | cell |
| -penia means what? | deficiency |
| an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood | thrombocytosis |
| the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time; this term also means to bleed | hemorrhage |
| a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match | transfusion reaction |
| a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body; it aids in the production of cell membranes, come hormones, and vitamin D | cholesterol |
| the general term used to described elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood | hyperlipidemia, also known as hyperlipemia |
| a group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow | myelodysplastic syndrome |
| a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood | leukemia |
| leuk means what/. | white |
| -emia means what? | blood condition |
| lower than normal number of erythrocytes (RBCs) in the blood; the severity of this condition is usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; low red blood cell count that leads to fatigue and weakness | anemia |
| characterized by an absence of ALL formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow | aplastic anemia |
| a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen | hemolytic anemia |
| the most common form of anemia; iron, an essential component of hemoglobin, is normally obtained through food diet and by recycling iron from old red blood cells; without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively | iron-deficiency anemia |
| a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal; this condition usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or of vitamin B12 | megaloblastic anemia |
| caused by a lack of the protein INTRINSIC FACTOR (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from teh gastrointestinal tract | pernicious anemia |
| true or false: Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells | TRUE |
| a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape ; this sickle shape interferes with normal blood floow resulting in damage to most of the body systems | sickle cell anemia |
| an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells that normal | thalassemia |
| _________ _________ is the name that is sometimes used to refer to any type of thalassemia that requires treatment with regular blood transfusions | Cooley's anemia |
| the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system, commonly known as high blood pressure | hypertension |
| lower than normal arterial blood pressure; symptoms include dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting | hypotension |
| low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up | orthostatic hypotension |
| means relating to an upright or standing position | orthostatic |
| a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium | angiography |
| angi/o means what? | blood vessel |
| a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart | cardiac catheterization |
| combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images | digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
| a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels | duplex ultrasound |
| a radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected into a vein in the patient's foot | phlebography |
| means vein | phleb/o |
| the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium | electrocardiography |
| electr/o means what? | electric |
| a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium | electrocardiogram |
| means the process of recording a picture or record | -graphy |
| means picture or record | -gram |
| a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period | Holter monitor |
| performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress; this involves monitoring with an electrocardiogram while the patient exercises on a treadmill | stress test |
| performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of teh heart muscle during exercise | thallium stress test |
| a medication administered to lower blood pressure; some of these drugs are also used to treat other heart conditions | antihypertensive |
| blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension; when this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate, & this reduces the blood pressure; primarily used to treat hypertension & heart failure | ACE inhibitors |
| reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heart beat; commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, or to treat heart failure | beta-blockers |
| cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures; relaxation reduces the workload of the heart by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen; for hypertension or to relieve/control angina | calcium channel blocker agents |
| administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water; these medications are administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood | diuretic |
| a medication administered to control irregularities of heart beat | antiarrhythmic |
| slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming | anticoagulant |
| in a very small daily dose, such an an 81 mg baby _______, may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot | aspirin |
| used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood; such as statins | cholesterol-lowering drugs |
| an anticoagulant administered 2 prevent blood clots from forming/growing larger; this medication is often prescribed 4 patients w/ clotting difficulties, heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or after heart valve replacement surgery; warfarin | coumadin |
| strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues; often used to treat heart failure or certain types of arrhythmias | digitalis, also known as digoxin |
| dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up, also known as a blot-busting drug | thrombolytic |
| a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke; if administered w/in a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication ca dissolve the damaging blood clots | tissue plasminogen activator |
| causes blood vessels to narrow; examples of uses of these medications include antihistamines and decongestants; opposite of a vasodilator | vasoconstrictor |
| causes blood vessels to expand; opposite of a vasoconstrictor | vasodilator |
| a vasodilator that is prescribed t prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart; this increases the blood flow & oxygen supply to the heart | nitroglycerin |
| the medication can be administered sublingually (under the tongue), transdermally (through the skin), or orally as a spray | nitroglycerin |
| this is a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen; commonly referred as an angioplasty | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, AKA a balloon angioplasty |
| a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after artery has been opened; this provides support to the arterial wall, keeps the plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis | stent |
| describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again | restenosis |
| re- means what? | again |
| the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery; a stent may be put in place after this procedure to prevent the artery from becoming clocked again | atherectomy |
| ather means what? | plaque |
| the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain; this procedure is performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by a disruption of the blood flow to the brain | carotid endarterectomy |
| in this surgery, which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart | coronary artery bypass graft |
| an alternative technique for some bypass patients; this procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera through small openings between the ribs; AKA a keyhole bypass or a buttonhole bypass | minimally invasive coronary artery bypass |
| the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm, also known as cardioversion | defibrillation |
| designed 4 use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required; this piece of equipment automatically samples the electrical rhythms of the hart and, if necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm | automated external defibrillator |
| used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation; this electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin w/ connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat | artificial pacemaker |
| a double-action pacemaker; 1) it constantly regulates the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly, 2) if a dangerous disruption of the heart's rhythm occurs, it acts as an automatic defibrillator | implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| the surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve | valvoplasty |
| valv/o means what? | valve |
| an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression; CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| the surgical removal of an aneurysm | aneurysmectomy |
| the surgical suturing of an aneurysm | aneurysmorrhaphy |
| the surgical removal of part of an artery | arteriectomy |
| means to stop or control bleeding | hemostasis |
| hem/o means what? | blood |
| means stopping or controlling | -stasis |
| the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood's cellular elements; | plasmapheresis |
Created by:
heartashley