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Ciccarelli Chapter 5
Section 2 Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice, and is different from maturation that is controlled by the genes | Learning |
| The major learning theories are | Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Cognitive Learning theory, and Observational Learning theory. |
| any object, event, or experience that causes response (reaction of an organism) o | stimulus |
| involuntary response and stimulus | involuntary response oir reflex |
| begins as a neutral stimulus (NS), but when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually begins to elicit the reflex on its own. | The conditioned stimulus (CS |
| The reflex response to the conditioned stimulus is called the | conditioned response (CR) |
| both of these type of stimulus and responses are learned. | CS, CR |
| Many children learn to fear lightning because it is often paired with loud thunder (which, like most sudden, loud sounds is naturally frightening). In this case lightning is the CS, thunder is the US, and fear is the UR. | Classical Conditioning |
| stimuli similar to UCS will evoke CR but to a lesser degree | Stimulus generalization |
| presentation of a stimulus similar to CS without UCS leads to this stimulus not producing generalization | Stimulus discrimination |
| disappearance of or weakening of the CR following the removal of UCS | Extinction: |
| reappearance of CR after a pause in extinction trials | Spontaneous recovery: |
| occurs when a strong CS is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus | Higher-order conditioning |
| Classical is to ________ as operant is to ________. | Pavlov; Skinner |
| Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was: | a puzzle box |
| A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room. What is the cookie in this example? | positive reinforcer |
| the process of strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable | concept of reinforcement |
| is something that becomes reinforcing only after being paired with a primary reinforcer | secondary reinforcer |
| a response is followed by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. | negative reinforcement |
| is any event or stimulus, which when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again | Punishment |
| a response is followed by the application or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus, such as a spanking | punishment by application |
| a response is followed by the removal of some pleasurable stimulus, such as taking away a child’s toy for misbehavior. | punishment by removal |
| Classical conditioning is to _______ and operant conditioning is to____. | involuntary; voluntary |
| is the reinforcement of successive approximations (small steps) to some final goal, allowing behavior to be molded from simple behavior already present in the organism. | Shaping |
| in which only some correct responses are followed by reinforcement, is much more resistant to extinction. | Partial reinforcement |
| a certain number of responses are required before reinforcement is given. | a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
| a varying number of responses is required to obtain reinforcement | a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
| at least one correct response must be made within a set interval of time to obtain reinforcement | fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
| reinforcement follows a varying interval of time. | a variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
| is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior. | behavior modification |
| can be used in many settings on both animals and people to change, or modify, behavior | Operant conditioning |
| includes the use of reinforcement and shaping to alter behavior | behavior modification |
| are a type of behavior modification in which secondary reinforcers, or tokens, are used | Token economies |
| is the modern version of behavior modification and makes use of shaping by breaking desired behavior down into discrete steps. | Applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
| use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure under control | Neurofeedback and Treatment of ADD Biofeedback |
| is a modified version of biofeedback in which the person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain’s electrical activity | Neurofeedback |
| The idea that learning occurs, and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced is called | latent learning |
| A Psychologist best-known experiment in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze related to latent learning or a form of cognotive learning. | Edward Tolman’s |
| Seligman found that dogs who had been placed in an inescapable situation failed to try to escape when it became possible to do so, | learned helplessness |
| The common goal of various therapies is to give people a better awareness and understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions in the hope that this will lead to better adjustment | insight |
| is learning through watching others perform, or model, certain actions | Observational learning |
| learning can take place without actual performance ( a kind of latent learning) | Learning/performance distinction |
| the learner must have the desire to perform the action | Motivation |
| Latent Learning is under what learning theory | Cognotive Learning |
| Tolman, Kohler, and Seligman are all related to what learning theory from the Gestalt era. | Cognotive Learning |
| 4 elements of observational learning | Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation |
| Bandura study in what area of Learning | Observational Learning |
| changing brain wave activity. | Nuerofeedback |
| Feedback such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension. | Biofeedback |
| Shaping is acheived by | Sucessive approximation |
| If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. | Law of effect |
| Taste aversions, along with phobic reactions | biological preparedness |
| conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of an unconditioned stimulus. | Cognitive Perspective |
| becoming classically conditioned by simply watching some one else respond to a stimulus. | vicarious conditioning |
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