the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles

fascia (plural, fasciae or fascias)

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Med. Term. Ch4

Medical Terminology for Health Professions

Question	Answer
the long, slender cells that make up muscles	muscle fibers
the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles	fascia (plural, fasciae or fascias)
means pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia	myofascial
fasci means what?	fascia
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone	tendon
are attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible	skeletal muscles
form the muscular walls of the heart; also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle	myocardial muscles
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve; they enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract	muscle innervation
means pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle	neuromuscular
the tightening of a muscle	contraction
as the muscle _________, it becomes shorter, and thicker, causing the belly (center) of the muscle to enlarge	contracts
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form	relaxation
as the muscle _________, it becomes longer, and thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged	relaxes
the movement of a limb AWAY FROM the midline of the body	abduction
ab- means what?	away from
means to lead	duct
means action	-ion
the movement of a limb TOWARD the midline of the body	adduction
means toward	ad-
means decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint	flexion
means to bend	flex
means increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb	extension
ex- means what?	away from
means to stretch out	tens
the act of raising or lifting a body part, such as raising the ribs when breathing in	elevation
the act of lowering a body part, such as lowering the ribs when breathing out	depression
the circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint	rotation
the circular movement of a limb at eh far end; for example, the swinging motion of the far end of the arm	circumduction
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward	supination
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward	pronation
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle; pointing the toes and foot upward decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg	dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle	plantar flexion
the less moveable attachment, is the place where the muscle begins	origin
the ________ is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less moveable part of the skeleton	origin
the more moveable attachment, is the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon	insertion
the ________ is located farthest from the midline of the body	insertion
means slanted or at an angle	oblique
means in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body	rectus
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway	sphincter
means in a crosswise direction	transverse
formed from two divisions; this muscle of the anterior upper arm flexes the elbow; also known as the biceps	biceps brachii
formed from three divisions; this muscle of the posterior upper arm extends the elbow	triceps brachii
bi- means what?	two
tri- means what?	three
means head	-ceps
the largest muscle of the buttock	gluteus maximus
shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta; this muscle forms the muscular cap of the shoulder	deltoid muscle
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimbranosus muscles	hamstring group
the primary functions of the __________ are knee flexion and hip extension	hamstrings
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness	exercise physiologist
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function	neurologist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function	physiatrist
is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues	rheumatologist
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles	sports medicine physician
inflammation of a fascia	fasciitis, also spelled fascitis
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms	fibromyalgia syndrome
means fibrous connective tissue	fibr/o
pain in a tendon	tenodynia
means tendon	ten/o
-dynia means what?	pain
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint	tendinitis
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; symptoms are similar to those of the fibromyalgia syndrome	chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity	chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally; these can form in muscles, or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery	adhesions
means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures	atrophy
_______ of a muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time	atrophy
tenderness or main in the muscles, also known as myodynia	myalgia
the herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it	myocele
-cele means what?	a hernia
the degeneration of muscle tissue	myolysis
means destruction or breaking down in disease	-lysis
abnormal softening of muscle tissue	myomalacia
the rupture or tearing of a muscle	myorrhexis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous infalmmation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body	polymyositis
what muscle disorder is this? the affected muscles are typically those closest to the trunk or torso, and the resulting weakness can be severe	polymyositis
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging; a weight or resistance training program can significiantly improve muscle mass and slow, but not stop this process	sarcopenia
the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible; also known as tonus	muscle tone
means lacking normal muscle tone or strength	atonic
a- means what? and ton means what?	a- means without, ton means tone
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement	dystonia
-ia means what?	condition
a condition of excessive tone of teh skeletal muscles	hypertonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles	hypotonia
a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction	myotonia
the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement; these movements, which are often shaky and unsteady, are most frequently caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum	ataxia
what means coordination?	tax
a mild form of ataxia, also known as partial ataxia	dystaxia
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues	contracture
the most common causes of _______(s) are scarring or the lack of use due to immobilization or inactivity	contractures
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest; thsi condition, which is due to poor circulation, is associated with peripheral vascular disease	intermittent claudication
a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles	spasm
a localized muscle spasm named for its cause, such as a heat cramp or writer's cramp	cramp
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side, also known as wryneck	spasmodic torticollis
extreme slowness in movement; this is one of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease	bradykinesia
brady- means what?	slow
kines means what?	movement
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm	dyskinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity, also known as hyperactivity	hyperkinesia
abnormally decreased muscle function or activity	hypokinesia
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles	myoclonus
clon means what?	violent action
jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep	nocturnal myoclonus
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; also known as the hiccups	singultus
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles	myasthenia gravis
means weakness or lack of strength	-asthenia
this general term describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system; there is no specific treatment...	muscular dystrophy, properly referred to as muscular dystrophies
the most common form of muscular dystrophy; this condition affects primarily boys with onset between the ages of 3 and 5 years; the disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe	duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy	becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course or normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports; the symptoms caused by these frequently repeated motions involove muscles, tendons, nerves, & joints	repetitive stress disorders
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles; this syndrome can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or by repetitive activities like running	compartment syndrome
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal; such injuries can be caused by spending hours at the computer keyboard or by lengthy sports training sessions	overuse injuries
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint	overuse tendinitis
_____ _____ are also overuse injuries	stress fractures
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body; this condition, which is caused by the development of trigger points, produces local and referred muscle pain	myofascial pain syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint; a common sign of "this" is discomfort when raising your arm above your head	impingement syndrome
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff; this conditon is often named for the cause, such as tennis shoulder or pitcher's shoulder	rotator cuff tendinitis
develops when rotator cuff tendinits is left untreated or if the overuse continues; this occurs as the irritated tendon weakens and tears	ruptured rotator cuff
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen	carpal tunnel syndrome
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure; this treatment is used to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves in severe cases of carpal tunnel syndrome	carpal tunnel release
a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface off the wrist; this condition, which can be caused by repeated minor injuries, is usually painless and does not require treatment	ganglion cyst
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow	epicondylitis
epi- means what? and condyl means what?	on, condyl
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis	heel spur
an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot; this condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running	plantar fasciitis
an injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament	sprain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon; "these" usually aare associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment	strain
a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone); "these" can develop in the anterolateral (front and side) muscles or in the posteromedian (back and middle) muscles of the lower leg	shin splint
this type of injury is usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg, such as running on hard surfaces	shin splints
can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee; when these muscles contract too quickly, an injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh	hamstring injury
a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon	achilles tendinitis
the type of paralysis caused by a ______ _____ _____ (abbrev.) is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury; the higher on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of teh body that may be affected	spinal cord injury (SCI)
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply; damage can be either temporary or permanent	paralysis (plural, paralyses)
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis	myoparesis
means partial or incomplete paralysis	-paresis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body	hemiparesis
hemi- means what?	half
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; this form of parralysis is usually associated with a stroke or brain injury	hemiplegia, an individual affected with hemiplegia is known as a hemiplegic
means paralysis	-plegia
true or false: damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body	TRUE
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body	paraplegia, an individual affected with paraplegia is known as a paraplegic
paralysis of all four extremities	quadriplegia, an individual affected with quadriplegia is known as a quadriplegic
paralysis of the heart muscles, also known as cardiac arrest; this can be caused by a direct blow or trauma; temporary stopping of cardiac activity can be induced by using drugs	cardioplegia
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon	deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
a diagnostic procedure to evalate joint mobility and muscle strength; "these" exercises are used to increase strength, flexibility, and mobility	rage of motion testing (ROM)
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation	electromyography
means electricity	electr/o
a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle; also known as nerve conduction studies	electroneuromyography
name the procedure: the primaty goal of this examination is to determine the site of a nerve lesion or of muscle pathology	electroneuromyography
administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder; also known as anticholingeric	antispasmodic
administered to relax certain muscles & to relieve the stiffness, pain, & discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries; these medications act on the central nervous system & may have a negative interaction w/ alcohol & some antidepressa	skeletal muscle relaxants
a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles; these drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax	neuromuscular blocker; also known as a neuromuscular blocking agent
the study of the human foactor that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment; this term is usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress	ergonomics
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL)	occupational therapy
these activities include bathing, grooming, brushing teeth, eating, and dressing	activities of daily living (ADL)
treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods to improve circulation, flexibility, and muscle strength	physical therapy
a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome	myofascial release
utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue; the heat eases pain, reduces muscle spasms, and accelerates healing by increasing the flow of blood into the target tissues	therapeutic ultrasound
what is the most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries? (it is known by the acronym)	RICE
what do the letters of "RICE" stand for?	Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Rest and Ice are recommended for the first few days after the injury to ease what? Compression, such as wrapping w/ a stretch bandage, and Elevation help to what?	pain, minimize swelling
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure; without this procedure, the pressure causes a loss of circulation that damages the affected tissues	fasciotomy
the surgical repair of fascia	fascioplasty
means fascia	fasci/o
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone	tenodesis
means to bind or tie together	-desis
the release of a tendon from adhesions	tenolysis; also known as tendolysis
-lysis means what?	to set free
the surgical resection (removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery) of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath	tenectomy; also known as tenonectomy
ten/o means what?	tendon
the surgical repair of a tendon	tenoplasty; also known as tendinoplasty
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon	tenorrhaphy
the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle, such as strabismus	tenotomy; also known as tendotomy
the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle	myectomy
the surgical repair of a muscle	myoplasty
the surgical suturing of a muscle wound	myorrhaphy
surgical incision into a muscle	myotomy

Created by: heartashley

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