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Social Psych quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social psychology definition | scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced buy other people. |
| theory | scientific explanation that connects and organizes existing observations and suggests fruitful paths for future research |
| scientific description | objective and reliable view of what is occurring |
| scientific explanation | the why of the observations. what is actually causing it to occur |
| bridge discipline of ss | combines different social sciences to help with the theories. |
| sociocultural perspective | theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups |
| social norm | a rule ore expectation for appropriate social behavior |
| culture | the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place. |
| evolutionary perspective | a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. |
| natural selection | the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduced are passed on to their offspring |
| adaptations | a characteristic that is well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment |
| paternal investment | human males more likely than other species of males to help raise children |
| social learning | depends on modeling experiences and rewards from parents and others in the environment |
| social learning perspective | a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors |
| sociocultural perspective | theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups |
| social norm | a rule ore expectation for appropriate social behavior |
| culture | the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place. |
| evolutionary perspective | a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. |
| natural selection | the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduced are passed on to their offspring |
| adaptations | a characteristic that is well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment |
| paternal investment | human males more likely than other species of males to help raise children |
| social learning | depends on modeling experiences and rewards from parents and others in the environment |
| social learning perspective | a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors |
| social cognitive perspective | a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences |
| cognitive psychologists | study the mental processes involved in noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering events in the environment |
| what are four major theoretical perspectives of social psychology? | sociocultural, evolutionary, social learning, and social cognitive |
| two principles shared by the different perspectives | social behavior is goal oriented, and social behavior represents a continual interaciton between the person and the situation |
| the 5 goal oriented behaviors | to establish social ties, understand ourselves and others, gain and maintain status, defend ourselves, attract mates |
| person | features or characteristics that indiviuals carry into social situations |
| situation | environmental events or circumstances outside the person |
| hypothesis | a researchers prediction about what he or she will find |
| descriptive method | procedure for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state |
| experimental method | proceudre for uncovering causal processes by systematically manipulating some aspect of a situation |
| naturalistic observation | recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings |
| observer bias | error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors he or she does not expect |
| case study | an intensive examination of an individual or group |
| generalizability | the extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases |
| archival method | examination of systematic data originally collected for other purposes |
| survey method | a technique in which the researcher asks people to report on their beliefs, feelings or behaviors |
| social desirability bias | the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable |
| representative sample | a group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe |
| psychological test | instrument for assessing a person's abilities, cognition's, or motivations |
| reliability | the consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test |
| validity | the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure |
| correlation | the extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another |
| correlation coefficient | a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables |
| experiment | a research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant. |
| independent variable | the variable manipulated by the experimenter |
| dependent variable | the variable measured by the experimenter |
| random assignment | the practice of assigning participants to treatments so each person has an equal chance of being in any condition |
| internal validity | the extent to wich an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect |
| confound | a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable |
| external validity | the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances |
| demand characteristic | cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave |
| field experimentation | the manipulation of independent variables using unkowing participants in natural settings |
| debriefing | a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and participant reactions at the completion of the study |
| what is the difference between a descriptive and an experimental method? | descriptive methods use an item's natural state, experimental methods use manipulation of a situation. |
| positive psychology | study of the factors leading to positive emotions, virtuous behaviors, and optimal performance in people and groups. |
| motivation | the force that moves people toward desired outcomes |
| goal | a desired outcome; something one wishes to achieve or accomplish |
| motive | a high level goal fundamental to social survival |
| attention | the process of consiously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves |
| automaticity | the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it's put into motion |
| willpower | the self control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals |
| exemplar | a mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual |
| schema | a mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals |
| priming | the process of activating knowlledge or goals, of making them ready for use. |
| chronically assessible | the state of being easily activated or primed for use |
| attitudes | favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event, or idea |
| emotions | relatively intense feelings charicterized by physiological arousal and complex cognitions |
| moods | relatively long lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets |
| counterfactual thinking | the process of imagining alternative might have been versions of actual events |
| self concept | a mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves |
| self esteem | our attitude toward ourselves |
| social comparison | the process through which people come to know themselves by comparin gtheir abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others |
| reflected appraisal process | the process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them |
| self perception process | the process through which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes |
| self regulation | the process through which people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals |
| self presentation | the process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us |
| affordance | an opportunity or threat provided by a situation |
| descriptive norm | a norm that defines what is commonly done in a situation |
| pluralistic ignorance | the phenomenon in which people in a group mispercieve the beliefs of others because everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs |
| injunctive norm | a norm that describes what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation |
| scripted situation | a situation in which certain events are expected to occur in a particular sequence |
| individualistic culture | a culture that socializes its members to think of themselves as individuals and to give priority to their personal goals |
| collectivistic culture | a culture that socializes it's members to think of themselves in terms of their relationships and as members of the larger social group and to prioritize the concerns of ther relationship partners and groups before their owns |
| person-situation fit | the extent to which a person and a situation are compatible |
| socialization | the process whereby a culture teaches it's members about its beliefs customs habits and language |
Created by:
supersievers3