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Prokaryotes divide in a process called -.
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Chromosomes segregate in a process called -.
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Biology Chapter 11
Stack #56267
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes divide in a process called -. | binary fussion |
| Chromosomes segregate in a process called -. | mitosis |
| A condition in which humans are missing one chromosome. | monosomy |
| A condition in which a person develops a thrid copy of one chromosome. | trisomy |
| All eukaryotic cells store their information in chromosomes, but different species utilize very different nembers of chromosomes to store this information. | (blank) |
| Chromosomes are composed of -, which is a complex of - and -. | chromatin, DNA, protein. Most chromosomes are about 40% DNA and 60% protein. |
| The DNA complex is coiled around a core of eight histone proteins, forming a complex known as a -. | nucleosome |
| The portion of a chromosome that remains permanently condensed and, therefore, is not transcribed into RNA. | heterochromatin |
| The portion of a chromosome that is extended except during cell division, and from which RNA is transcribed. | euchromatin |
| The particular array of chromosomes an individual possesses is called its -. | karyotype |
| One complete set of chromosomes necessary to define an organism. | haploid (n) |
| Having two sets of chromosomes. | diploid (2n) |
| The maternal and paternal chromosomes are said to be -, and each chromosomes has two -.. | homologous, homologues |
| The condensed region on a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to each other after replication. | centromere |
| Eukaryotic genomes are larger and more complex than those of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA is packaged tightly into chromosomes, enabling it to fit inside cells. Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two sets. | (blank) |
| Eukaryotes divide in a process called the -. | cell cycle |
| The cell cycle consists of these five phases: | G1 (Primary growth phase), S (Synthesis - DNA replication), G2 (Secondary growth phase), M (mitosis - the actual separation of DNA), and C (cytokinesis - the actual separation of the cell). |
| Cells often pause in G1 before DNA replication and enter a resting state called the - | G0 (zero) phase. At any given time, most of the cells in an animal's body are in G0 phase. |
| The period betweed two mitotic or meiotic divisions in which a cell grows and its DNA replicates; includes G1, s, and G2 phases. | interphase |
| The disc-shaped protien structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis or meiosis. | kinetochore |
| One of two copies of a replicated chromosome, joined by a single centromere to the other strand. | chromatid |
| The four stages of mitosis. | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (Please Make Apple Tea) |
| The first stage of mitosis, during which there is no nucleus, chromosomes condense and become visible, and the spindle forms. | prophase |
| The second stage of mitosis, where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and attach to the spindle. | Metaphase |
| The assembly that carries out the separation of chromosomes during cell division; composed of microtubules and assembled during prophase at the equator of the dividing cell. | spindle apparatus |
| The stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the sister chromosomes begin to pull apart. | anaphase |
| The stage of a cell where the spindle is disassembled, nuclear envelopes are reestablished, and the normal expression of genes present in the chromosomes is reinitiated. | Telophase |
| The phase of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides. | cytokinesis |
| A plate that develops (in plant cells) at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells. | cell plate |
| The pectin-rich intercellular material cementing together the primary walls of adjacent plant cells. | middle lamella |
| The enzymes that control the checkpoints in the cell cycle are called -. | cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk's). (comprised of kinase enzymes partnered with a protein called cyclin) |
| The three checkpoints in the cell cycle. | G1/S, G2/M, and the Spindle Checkpoint (which happens during late metaphase) |
| The place at which DNA in prokaryotic cells begins to split. | The origin of replication |
| The molecule that "pinches" the prokaryotic cell so that it splits. | FtsZ molecule |
| In multicellular organisms, - are chemical signals that are used to stimulate cell division. | growth factors |
| The - keeps the cell from dividing, triggers enzymes to repair the damaged DNA, or triggers the destruction of the cell. | p53 protein |
| The genes that produce proteins. | Proto-oncogenes |
| - genes are supposed to keep damaged genes/cells from duplicating. | Tumor-suppressor |
| The - is the complex of the centrioles + the spindle. | centromere |
| - happens when two chromosomes in one pair begin exchanging genetic information. | Synapsis |
| When cells stop growing at the G1 checkpoint, they enter the - phase. | G0 (zero) |
| Normal cellular genes that become oncogenes when mutated (oncogenes can cause a cell to become a cancer cell). | Proto-oncogenes |
| Some proto-oncogenes accelerate the cell cycle by promoting cyclins and Cdk's. Others, tumor-suppressor genes, suppress it by inhibiting their action. Cancer can result if mutations occur in either type of growth factor gene. | (blank) |
| Binary fussion occurs in these 3 steps: | 1) Duplication of DNA, 2) Elongation of cell (DNA splits in bi-directional replication, starting at the origin of replication), 3) Division of cell (FtsZ molecule pinches the cell so that it splits). |
| - are a pair of the same chromosome (say, chromosome 16). - are the two replicase of a single chromosome held together by the centromeres after DNA replication. | Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids |
| In animal cell mitosis, a radial array of microubules extending from the centrioles toward the plasma membrane. | aster |
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melodious88