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chapeter3 part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| four main classes of large biological molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins an nucleic acid. these gigantic molecules are called _____. | macromolecules |
| cells make most of their larger molecules by joining smaller molecules into chains called _____. | polymers |
| the building blocks of polymers are called ____. | monomers |
| cells link monomers together to form polymers by a _____ ______, a reaction that removes a molecule of water. | dehydration reaction |
| to digest polymers a cell carries out _______. Essentially the reverse of a dehydration reaction. | Hydrolysis (lyse) to break (hyrdo) water |
| a specailized macromolecule that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in cells. | Enzymes |
| The carbohydrate monomers (single unit sugars) are _________. ex. glucose and fructose. | Monosaccharides (monos- single) (sacchar- sugar) |
| cells construct _______ from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | disaccharide |
| the most common disaccharide in ______, which is made up of glucose monomer linked to a frutose monomer. | sucrose |
| polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. they may function as storage molecules or as structural coumpounds | polysaccharides |
| the three common types of polysaccharides are: | starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| a storage polysaccharide in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers. their molecules are coiled into a helical shape because of the angles of the bonds joining their glucose units. | starch |
| Animals store excess suger in the form of this polysaccharide, called _____. it is more highly branched than starch. most of it is stored in our liver and muscle cells, which hydrolyze the ______to release glucose when it is needed. | glycogen |
| the most abundant organic compound on Earth, forms a cablelike fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells. It is a polymer of glucose, but its glucose monomers linked by hyrdogen bonds. | cellulose |
| ____ are diverse compounds that are grouped together because the share one trait: they mix poorly, if at all, with water. they hydrophobic (water-fearing) | lipids |
| lipids consist mostly of ______ and _______ atoms linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds. | carbon, hydrogen |
| a fat is a large lipid made from two kins of smaller molecules: _______ and ______. | glycerol, fatty acid |
| fatty acids and fats that with double bonds in the carbon chain are said to be _________- thats is, having less than maximum number of hydrogens. Making them better for you because they are broken down easier. plant fat | unsaturated |
| Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens are said to be _________. animal fat | saturated |
| cells could not exist without ______, the major component fo the cell membranes. they structurally similar to fats, but they contian only two fatty acids attached to a gylcerol instead of three. (ex wax) | phospholipids |
| ______ are lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings. | steriods |
| a common component in animal cell membranes, and animal cells also use it a starting material for makining other steriods, including sex hormones. | cholesterol |
| a polymor constructed from amino acid monomers. | protein |
| _____ proteins are found in hair and make up connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. | structural protiens |
| Muscles contain ______ protiens. | contractile protiens |
| _____ protiens are antibodies of the immune system. | defensive protiens |
| _____ protiens such as many of the horomones and other messengers that help coordinate body activites by communicating between cells. | signal protiens |
| _____ protiens may be built into cell membranes and transmit signals into cells. | receptor protiens |
| ____ acids all have an amino group and a carboxyl group. | Amino acids |
| cells join amino acids together in a dehydration that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed. the resulting covalent linkage is called a _________ bond. | polypeptide bond |
| In a process called ________, polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape, and, as a result, their function. | denaturation |
| _____ structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids | primary structure |
| In the second level of a protien structure, parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns called ________ structure. | secondary structure |
| the coiling of a polypeptide chain results in a secondary structure called an _____ _____. | alpha helix |
| the term ______ structure refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. most of these structures can be described as either globular or fibrous | tertiary structure |
| many protiens consist of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits. such protiens have a ______ structure, resulting from the association of the subunits. | quaternary structure |
| the amino acid sequence is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a ____. | gene |
| ____ is transcribed into ___, which is then translated into the primary structure of _________. | DNA, RNA, polypeptides |
| Monomers that make up nucleic acids are______> | nucleotides |
Created by:
kelseyanda