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The American Pageant

Vocabulary: Chapter 13

Question	Answer
Andrew Jackson	A Democratic-Republican, voted into office in 1828. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government. First President from the west.
John C. Calhoun	United States politician of the early 19th century. Vice President of the United States, first under John Quincy Adams and then Andrew Jackson. Served in Senate and House of Representatives, and was a southern sectionalist.
Henry Clay	Political Scientist during the 1820's. Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System, and served as J.Q. Adams' secretary of state, due to what Andrew Jackson angrily called a "corrupt bargain."
Martin Van Buren	Or "Kinderhook," was the eighth Vice President and the eighth President of the United States, and the first President born after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Thus he was the first natural-born US citizen to become President.
William Crawford	Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.
Peggy Eaton	Married Sec. of War Eaton. She was ignored by ladies of the White House. Jackson tried to help her be accepted, but failed. The lady in charge of the White House affairs was Henry Clay's wife. It helped in the dissolution of Jackson and Clay.
John Quincy Adams	Sixth president of the United States. He was a republican from Mass. who was the first minority president. He served only 1 term. He was in favor of funding national research and he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State.
Daniel Webster	Nationalist from New Hampshire. He was involved in the Webster-Haynes debate over states' rights. He served as Secretary of State under the Tyler administration. In 1836 he ran for the Presidency as a member of the Whig party, losing to Martin Van Buren.
Denmark Vesey	Free black slave who lived in the Carolinas. Led a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. Rebellion was part of what led to the anxieties of the South. The slave rebellion caused the South to worry about Federal government interference in slavery issue.
Robert Hayne	Senator from South Carolina, a major player in the sectional debate. Pointed out New England's treasonous activities during the War of 1812. Spoke out against the "Tariff of Abominations." He supported Calhoun's idea of nullification.
Common Man	Political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model of common man.
New Democracy	The New Democracy got more people involved in the government. There were also fewer voter restrictions and voter turn-out increased.
Nullification	States that any law passed by the federal government can be declared null and void by the states.
Spoils System	System that Andrew Jackson set up shortly after his election in 1828 it gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign; the name came from "to the victor belongs the spoils of the enemy”; made politics a full time business.
Rotation in Office	Supported by the New Democracy; like the spoils system but used by Jackson, same as patronage-based on favors for those who helped another get into office; Jackson felt it made the government more democratic by having more participation.
Constituents	A citizen residing in the area governed or represented by a politician; sometimes this is restricted to citizens who elected the politician. All the constituents who are registered to vote are referred to as the electorate.
Divine Right	European political and religious doctrine of political absolutism. Based on contemporary Christian belief that a monarch owed his rule to the will of God, not to the will of his subjects, parliament, the aristocracy or any other competing authority.
Hard Money	Refers to direct contributions, subject to federal contribution limits, made to committees regulated by the Federal Elections Commission. By contrast, soft money skirts such rules.
Deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.
Subversive	Intended or serving to subvert, especially intended to overthrow or undermine an established government.
Clique	A close group of friends or colleagues having similar interests and goals, and whom outsiders regard as excluding them.
Puritanical	Of or pertaining to the Puritans, or to their doctrines and practice, or, precise in observance of legal or religious requirements.
Usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without legal right.
Political Plums	An especially desirable position, assignment, or reward: an ambassadorship granted as a political plum.
Mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent. Bare-Knuckle
Machine	A hierarchical political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils, where professional workers deliver large blocs of voters to preferred candidates.
Henchman	A term used to describe the persons that do the “dirty work” of an organization.
Incumbent	The current holder of a political office. In many situations, incumbents have structural advantages over challengers during elections. They also have easier access to campaign finance and government resources that can be indirectly used for a campaign.
“King Caucus”	In 1824, voters were crying that the people must be heard. This new and more democratic method of nominating presidential candidates was to have a national nominating convention. A caucus are the leaders of a small political organization.
Democratic Republicans	When Andrew Jackson came into power he renamed the party "Democrats". The Jacksonian Democrats were very democratic and were opposed to the Whigs. Opposed the very strong national bank. When he was president the Whigs called him "King Jackson."
Anti-Masonic Party	The Anti-Masonic Party was basically against elite groups such as the Masons (a private organization). They were also opposed to Jackson, who was a Mason. The Anti-Masonic party did not hold much bearing while they existed.
“Revolution of 1828”	Increased turnout of voters at the 1828 election proved that the common people now had the vote and the will to use it for their ends. Jackson's victory accelerated the transfer of national power from the counting house to the farmhouse.
Twelfth Amendment	Amendment to the Constitution; Election of 1824, 1825; allowed the House of Representatives to elect John Q. Adams as President because Andrew Jackson received the most votes but did not get a majority of the votes; angered Jackson and his followers.
“King Mob”	Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.
“Corrupt Bargain”	After the Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Henry Clay gave his votes to John Adams, giving him the majority. Jacksonians question if John Adams made Henry Clay Sec. of State for payback for his votes.
Kitchen Cabinet	Jackson had a private cabinet of about thirteen members that were always changing. The cabinet grew out of Jackson's unofficial meetings and was known as "the Kitchen Cabinet." Jackson's adversaries and enemies gave the group of advisors this name.
Tariff of Abominations	An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. This tarrif occured around the time of the election of 1828.
Eaton Affair	Secretary Eton’s wife Peggy O'Neal, had rumors spread about her, and was ignored/ridiculed by ladies in Jackson's family and Calhoun's wife. The President wanted to help, so he tried to force the social acceptance of Peggy. Called the "Petticoat War."
South Carolina Exposition	Pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. Spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of tariff. These sectioalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.
Maysville Road	A road built in Kentucky, was considered an individual state road, but was connected to an interstate. Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville road, a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society.
Nicholas Biddle	Served as the president of the 2nd Bank of the United States, who fought against President Jackson for its survival.
Osceola	An indian leader and insurgent in the Second Seminole War.
Stephen Austin	Known as "The Father of Texas," who spearheaded a successful attempt at colonizing the territory.
William Harrison	A US Army general who won important battles at Tippecanoe in 1811 and the Thames River in Canada in 1813. Was elected as president in 1840, but died 34 days into office from influenza.
Sam Houston	A 19th century American statesman who featured prominently in Texas history.
John Tyler	Vice-president to William Harrison, and took office after Harrison died from influenza 34 days into office.
Santa Anna	The president of Mexico who fought with the USA in the Texas Revolution for control of the territory.
Black Hawk	Makataimeshekiakiak; a Sauk war chief who instigated the Black Hawk War in the old Northwest territory region, beginning in 1832.
William Travis	An American lawyer and soldier who died at the Battle of the Alamo in the Texas Revolution.
Annexation	The process wherein a territory or province is absorbed by a larger nation or political entity. Ex. The USA annexed the Texas Republic after the events of the Mexican War.
Anti-slavery	Anything against the "peculiar institution" and its associated trappings.
“Favorite Son”	A politician who holds appeal to voters because of his homestate, or a politician who is favored by another (usually more powerful)politician or political institution.
Impost	Any type of extra tax, usually similar to an excise or tariff measure.
Appeasement	The policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous.
Plutocratic	A form of political rule similar to aristocracy, where wealth rules; that is, those with large financial holdings also have political power.
Prejudice	An assumption made about a person or group of people without any actual knowledge of said person(s), relying on stereotypes. Ex. Many Americans were (and still are) prejudiced against Blacks.
Ritual	A course or system of actions for their symbolic value, often pertaining to religious or cultural traditions.
Evangelical	Someone who has been "reborn" into the Christian faith, and believes in the gospels of the New Testament concerning the teachings and life of Jesus of Nazareth.
Anathema	Something or someone that has been banished, exiled or ostracized, most often due to a political, societal, or religious blunder.
Platform	The official stance of a political party on "hot button issues" that are of personal concern to the voting body, often formulated to appeal to as many people as possible.
Mandate	An order or official command decreed by a large governmental force or court upon the people or smaller regional governments or courts.. Ex. the federal government could mandate tariffs upon state legislatures.
Liquidate	The process of auctioning or selling off shares, stocks, or parts of a company to fund its debts or as the final act of said company's dissolution.
Trammels	Something that restricts activity, expression, or progress; restraints. (In this case, probably upon a legislature or court).
Prolific	Something that is prolific is very fruitful or fertile; it produces many offshoots or many works. Ex. Shakespeare was prolific in his contributions to literature.
Temperance	A dislike or oppositional movement to alcoholic beverages and their production and consumption.
Crusader	Originally referring to a European knight who fought in the Crusades to regain the "Holy Lands" of the Christian Bible. In context with American history, it refers to one who fights for a certain cause because they believe it is morally just.
Tariff of 1832	A protectionist tariff passed to remedy the despised Tariff of 1828, but was still unsatisfactory to anti-tax southerners.
Specie Circular	Also known as the Coinage Act, it was an executive mandate by President Jackson executed by Van Buren, that required payment for government land to be in gold or silver bullion.
“Slavocracy”	Also known as a plantocracy, it is a ruling system dominated by slaveowning planters. It was a phantom fear to New England and other anti-slavery states.
Tariff of 1833	Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, this was yet another tariff aimed at diluting the harsh protective tariff of 1828, and was motivated by the Nullification crisis.
“Trail of Tears”	The forcible removal of "civilized" indian tribes in the old western United States, due to anti-indian prejudices and western expansion.
Panic of 1837	A financial crisis due to banks requiring payment in specie (gold or silver). It was followed by a five-year depression.
Force Bill	Called the "Bloody Bill" by Carolinans, it was passed in 1833 and gave the president powers to forcefully enforce and collect taxes in states by use of the army.
Seminole Indians	An indian tribe that resided primarily in Florida and parts of Oklahoma. Their insurgencies against US expansion in the southern colonies gave Jackson an excuse to ravage Florida.
Divorce Bill	A controversial act passed in 1837 by Pres. Martin Van Buren in an attempt to curb financial panic by "divorcing" the federal government from banking by moving federal funds into privately owned "pet banks."
Bank of the United States	A bank used as the strongbox of the federal treasury; it was intended to have the federal government as its controlling interest, and it would distribute federal funds to stimulate the American economy. It began to fail near the end of the Jackson era.
Lone star	Another name for Texas.
Independent Treasury	A system of retaining federal monetary resources independent of the federal bank.
Anti-Masonic Party	The "third party" in the United States during the 19th Century. Its sole platform was an anti-freemasonry doctrine.
Democratic Party	The party based on Jacksonian democracy, that eventually evolved into the current democratic party.
“Pet” banks	Banks that the federal treasury decided to deposit its funds into in after the Divorce Bill of 1837.
Whig Party	New Political Party emerging in opposition to Democrats. Began as weak opposition coalition in 1828. More nationalist. Advocated American system and other government institutions. Absorbed anti-Masonic party and became party of the common man.

Created by: smccahon

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