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Cardiopulmonaryexam1
Cardiopulmonary A&P Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The passage ways between the ambient environment and the gas exchange units of the lungs are called? | Conducting Airways |
| The gas exchange units of the lungs are called? | Alveoli |
| Fill in the blank: No gas exchange occurs in the _______;however, they are important to the overall process of ____________. | Conducting Airways Ventilation |
| Fill in the blank: The conducting airways are divided into the __________ and the ____________. | Upper airway Lower airway |
| The upper airway consists of? | Nose, Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Larynx |
| The 4 functions of the Upper airway are: | 1. To act as a conductor of air 2. To humidify and warm the inspired air. 3. To prevent foreign materials from entering the TB tree. 4. To serve as an important area involved in speech and smell. |
| The 3 functions of the nose are: | 1. To filter 2. To humidify 3. To warm inspired air |
| Fill in the blank: Air enters into the __________ through the _______ formed by the ___________and the ___________. | 1. nasal cavity 2. nares or nostrils 3. septal cartilage 4. alae nasi |
| Air passes through a slightly dilated area called the? | Vestibule |
| Hair follicles that function to filter and are the TB tree's first line of defense are called? | Vibrissae |
| The 3 bony protrusions on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are: | 1. Superior turbinate/conchae 2. Middle turbinate/conchae 3. Inferior turbinate/conchae |
| Responsible for separating inspired gas into several different air streams? | The Turbinates |
| The turbinates play a major role in the _________ and ____________ of inspired air. | humidification warming |
| In the clinical setting the entire upper airway is often bypassed to better ______and______ the patient. | Ventilate and Oxygenate |
| A ______________is used to bypass the patients upper airway. | Endotracheal tube |
| When an Endotracheal tube is in place it is important to make sure the patient is appropriately _______ and ___________. | warmed and humidified |
| Failure to make sure the patient is appropriately warmed and humidified can cause____________________ resulting in a ____________. | dehydration mucous layer in the TB tree |
| Excessive accumulation of thick and immobile mucous (Mucous Plug) can result in _________and__________ or ____________and ______________. | partial airway obstruction and air trapping complete airway obstruction and airway collapse |
| Look for these Landmarks when inserting a Endotracheal tube: | Laryngopharynx and Larynx (e.g. vallecula, epiglottis, esophagus, vocal folds and trachea) |
| The ________ is located between the base of the tounge and the upper end of the _________. | Larynx trachea |
| The 3 functions of the Larynx are: | 1. It acts as a passageway of air between the pharynx and the trachea 2. it serves as a protective mechanism against the aspiration of solids and liquids 3. It generates sounds for speech. |
| Cartilages of the Larynx 9 Cartilages 3 single: 1. 2. 3. 3 paired: 1. 2. 3. | 3 Single 1.thyroid cartilage 2.cricoid cartilage 3.epiglottis 3 paired 1. arytenoid 2. corniculate 3. cuniform |
| A broad spoon-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, that prevents aspiration of foods and liquids by covering the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the? | The Epiglottis |
| The ______ serves as an important landmark when inserting an endotracheal tube. | Vallecula |
| What is shaped like a signet ring, and its inferior border is attached to the first c-shaped cartilage of the trachea? | The cricoid cartilage |
| What is lined by a mucous membrane that forms 2 pairs of folds that protrude inward? | The interior of the Larynx |
| The upper airway is known as the _______ vocal folds. | False |
| The lower airway is known as the _______ vocal folds. | True |
| The medial border of each vocal fold is composed of a strong band of elastic tissue known as the | vocal ligament |
| The space between the true vocal cords is known as? | The Glottis |
| In the adult the _________ is the narrowest point in the larynx. In an infant the __________ is the narrowest point of the larynx. | Glottis (adult) Cricoid Cartilage (infant) |
| What is seen secondarily to viral/bacterial infections in infants and young children? | glottic and subglottic swelling/edema |
| Glottic and subglottic swelling in young children and infants is known as? | Croup Syndrome(Laryngotracheobronchitis and acute epiglottis) |
| Croup Syndrome is characterized by a high pitched crowing sound called ________ during inspiration. | Stridor |
| Below the vocal cords the laryngeal mucosa is covered by? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| After passing through the Larynx, inspired air enters the TB tree, which consists of branching airways commonly referred to as? | Generations |
| The airways become progessively _________, _______ and _________ as they branch throughout the lungs. | Narrower, Shorter and more numerous |
| The airways exists in 2 major forms. | 1. Cartilaginous airways 2. noncartilaginous airways |
| Conduct air between the external environment and the sites of gas exchange? | Cartilaginous Airways |
| Conductors of air and as sites of gas exchange. | Noncartilaginous airways |
| The TB tree is composed of what 3 layers? | 1. An epithelial lining 2. the lamina propia 3. a cartilaginous layer |
| Predominantly composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium? | The epithelial lining |
| As the bronchioles become progessively smaller, the columnar structure of the epithelium decreases in height and appears more _________ than columnar. | Cubodial |
| A mucous layer called the ________,covers the epithelial lining of the TB tree. | Mucous Blanket |
| The blanket is ____% water and the remaining ____% consists of glycoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, some cellular debris and foreign particles. | 95 5 |
| The mucous is produced by 1. 2. 3. | 1.goblet cells 2.submucosal 3.bronchial glands |
| The blanket has 2 distinct layers 1. 2. | 1.Sol Layer adjacent to the epithelial layer 2. Gel Layer more viscous layer, adjacent to the inner luninal surface |
| The process in which the mucous layer is propelled along with foreign particles stuck to the gel layer toward the larynx into the oropharynx is known as? | Mucociliary transport Mechanism or mucociliary escalator |
| The __________ is the submucosal layer of the TB tree. | Lamina Propia |
| When the submucousal glands are activated, numerous substances are released from the ______that can significantly alter the diameter of the bronchial airways. | Mast cells |
| ________, which is the outer most layer of the TB tree, progressively diminishes in size as the airways extend into the lungs. | Cartilaginous layer |
| Cartilage is completely absent in bronchiloes less than ______ in diameter. | 1 mm |
| The cartilaginous airways consists of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | 1.trachea 2.main stem bronchi 3.lobar bronchi 4.segmental bronchi 5.subsegmental bronchi |
| The adult trachea is about _to_cm long and _to_cm in diameter | 11-13cm long and 1.5-2.5cm in diameter |
| The trachea divides into the ______and the_________. | Right and left main stem bronchi |
| The tip of the endotracheal tube should be about ___cm above the _______. | 2cm above the carina |
| 1st generation | Main stem Bronchi |
| 2nd Generation | Lobar Bronchi (Right-upper,middle and lower) (Left-Upper and Lower) |
| 3rd Generation | Segmental Bronchi (Right-10) (Left-8) |
| 4th through approximately 9th Generations | Subsegmental Bronchi |
| 10th through 15th Generations | Bronchioles |
| 16th through 19th Generations | Terminal Bronchioles |
| The structures beyond the __________ are the sites of gas exchange. | Terminal Bronchioles |
| The structures distal to the Terminal Bronchioles are collectively referred to as the ____________. | Respiratory Zone |
| The functional units of gas exchange are composed of about 3 generations of _____________. | Respiratory Bronchioles |
| The Respiratory Bronchioles are followed by about three generations of __________. | alveolar ducts |
| _________ are 15-20 grape like clusters. | Alveolar sacs |
| In the lungs of an adult male, there are approximately __________ alveoli between ____and_____ micrometers in diameter. | 300 million 75-300 |
| The small pulmonary capillaries in the lungs of and adult male cover about ___to___% of the aveoli. This arrangement provides an average surface area of _____sq.meters (about the size of a tennis court) available for gas exchange. | 85-95% 70 |
| Together the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar clusters that originate from a single terminal bronchiole are referred to as a _____________. | Primary Lobule |
| Synonyms for primary lobule include 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. acinus 2. terminal respiratory unit 3. lung parenchyma 4. functional units |
| The alveolar epithelium is composed of 2 principle cell types. What are they? | Type 1 cell or squamous pneumocyte Type 2 Cell or granular pneumocyte |
| Squamous pneumocyte's are broad, thin cells that form about ____% of the aveolar surface. They are the major sites of ______________. | 95% Aveolar gas exchange |
| Granular pneumocyte's form the remaining ___% of the total alveolar surface. They are believed to be the primary source of ____________. | Pulmonary Surfactant |
| Surfactant molecules play a major role in _______ the surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli. | decreasing |
| ________are small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa | The PORES OF KOHN |
| ______________,or Type 3 alveolar cells, play a major role in removing bacteria and other foreign particles that are deposited within the acini. | Alveolar macrophages |
| The alveolar-capillary clusters are surrounded, supported and shaped by the _________. | Interstitium |
| The Interstitium has two major compartments known as the... | The tight space and the loose space. |
| The ________ is the area between the _________ and the _________ of the pulmonary capillaries, where most gas exchange occurs. | The tight space Alveolar epithelium endothelium |
| The ________ is primarily the area that surrounds the bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. | The loose space |
| The right lung is larger and heavier than the left. It is divided into the upper, middle and lower lobes by the _______ and ___________. | Oblique and horizontal fissures |
| The Left lung is divided into only 2 lobes, the upper and the lower. These two lobes are separated by the __________. | Oblique fissure |
| The lobes of the lungs are further subdivided into __________. | Bronchopulmonary Segments |
| The _____________ is a cavity that contains organs and tissues in the center of the ________ between the right and left lungs. | Mediastinum Thoracic Cage |
| The mediastinum contains: | The trachea The heart the major blood vessels potions of the espophagus the thymus gland lymph nodes |
| If the mediastinum is compressed or distorted, it can severly compromise the ____________. | Cardiopulmonary System |
| Two moist, slick-surfaced membranes called the _____________ and _____________ are closely associated with the lungs. | Visceral Parietal Pleurae |
| The parietal pleura lines the inside of the ________. | thoracic walls |
| The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is called the ________. | Pleural Cavity |
| Should air or gas be introduced into the pleural cavity, the intrapleural pressure rises to atmospheric pressure and causes the pleural membranes to separate, a condition called ____________. | pneumothorax |
| The ____________ is the major muscle of ventilation. | Diaphragm |
| During vigorous exercise and the advanced stages of COPD, the _____________ of inspiration and expiration are activated to assist the diaphragm. | Accessory Muscles |
| The major Accessory muscles of inspiration include: | 1.Scalenus muscles 2.Sternocleidomastoid muscles 3.pectoralis major muscles 4. Trapezius Muscles 5. External Intercostal muscles. |
| The Accessory muscles of expiration include: | 1.Rectus abdominis muscles 2.external abdominis obliquus muscles 3.Interanl abdominis obliquus muscles 4.transversus abdominis muscles 5.internal intercostal muscles |
| What lines the anterior one-third of the nasal cavity? | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| What forms the nasal Septum? | Ethmoid bone Vomer |
| What prevents the aspiration of foods and liquids? | Epiglottis |
| The canals of Lambert are found in the... | Terminal Bronchioles |
| The eustachian tubes are found in the... | nasopharynx |
| The inferior portion of the larynx is composed of the ... | cricoid cartilage |
| What has the greatest combined cross-sectional area? | Terminal Bronchioles |
| The left main stem brochus angles off from the carina at about... | 40-60 degrees from the carina |
| 95% of the alveolar surface is composed of... | Type 1 Cells and/or Squamous pneumocytes |
| What is released when the parasympathetic nerve fibers are stimulated? | Acetylcholine |
| What is released when the sympathetic nerve fibers are stimulated? | Norepinephrine and Epinephrine |
| Pseudostratified Cilited Columnar epithlium lines what? | The trachea and nasopharynx |
| The horizontal fissure separates... | the middle and upper lobes of the right lung |
| What supplies the motor innervation of each hemidiaphragm? | Phrenic nerve and Lower thoracic nerve |
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