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MusHist tes 1 c 4-6
Music History test 1 chapters 4-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What music theorist in which work (give both Latin and English titles) provided the eight church modes with the names and numbers that are still in use for Gregorian chant? | John of St. Gall (John Cotton). He wrote the treatise called De Musica (on Music) |
| In which type of mode is the range more or less equally above and below the final? | Plagal Mode |
| When did church musicians first begin to develop written symbols to indicate when the voice was to rise or fall in pitch? | During the Carolingian era (768-987) |
| What specific (type) institution first served as the sole center of learning during the early Middle Ages? | Monasteries |
| Who was the leader in the creation of the musical staff and note names? Include his dates | Guido of Arezzo (c991-c1033) |
| What was the emphasis of the Micrologus, one of the most popular teatises on music in the Middle Ages? | The emphasis was on how to sing a liturgy. It was written for the practicing church musicians and talked about music theory such as the scale, intervals, church modes, how to transpose, and simple polyphony. |
| Who developed the concept of solfege? | Guido of Arezzo (c991-c1033) in his famous Letter to Brother Michael |
| What is the name of the chant that furnished the syllables used for solfege? (The name of the chant (hymn) is the first three words of the hymn.) | Ut Que-ant La-xis |
| What made the hexachord "soft"? That symbol eventually became what common musical symbol? | If the hexachord was placed on F it was considered a soft hexachord. This hexachord included a rounded symbol for "b". This eventually became the flat sing. |
| How long did it typically take to copy and prepare a single volume of chant? | A single volume of chant during the Middle Ages could take a year or more to copy. |
| Why did musicians begin creating tropes, sequences, and liturgical dramas? | Musicians felt the need to express themselves outside of the Proper and Ordinary of the Mass which started the three new kinds of chant stated in the question. |
| How often were tropes and sequences sung during the course of the church year? | Thirty high feasts of the church year are how often tropes and sequences are sung and were not sung every day. |
| What is a trope? | A trope is an addition of music or text, or both, to a pre-existing chant |
| Which monk was talented artist, poet, and composer of tropes? | Tuotilo of St. Gall (c850-915 CE) |
| What historical even eventually led to the work of Notker Balbulus? | A monk from Jumieges monastery fled from the abbey so he wouldn't be found by the Vikings who were raiding the country at around 850. This monk found refuge in St. Gaul and he was carrying a few notated sequences. Notker that he could compose them better. |
| What is the most famous of all medieval sequences today? | Dies irae (Day of Wrath) |
| What is the name of hte funeral Mass (Mass of the Dead)? | Requiem Mass |
| What was the term for the main female singer who directed the choir in community of nuns? | The cantrix |
| From which composer does the most chant survive? (This is a composer whose name you must know) | Hildregard of Bingen (1098-1179) |
| How much music, and what types (genres such as antiphons) of music survive from Hildregard of Bingen? | Hymns, antiphons, and sequences at least 80 liturgical dramas |
| Why was much - perhaps most - secular music from the Middle ages lost to posterity? | It was never written down |
| During the Middle Ages, which group of people was generally the only class to be educated? | Men and women of the church were educated |
| When did aristocratic courts first emerge as centers for the arts? Include the term for the period as well as the centuries. | During the high Middle Ages. 12th and 13th centuries |
| Where did the first centers for secular music emerge? (Provide a broadly geographic answer, ie not too specific) | southern France |
| What terms were used for male and female musicians in this area? | Men - Troubadour.... Women - Trobairitz |
| What term was used for secular musicians in the north of France? | Trouvere |
| A secular song in souther France was called a _____. In northern France it was called a _______ | canso and chanson |
| About how many songs of the troubadours survive with music? | 2,600 were written and only a tenth survived with music. |
| About how many songs of the trouveres survive with music? | 1,400 are left that have melodies |
| Who wrote the only surviving song by a trobairitz? | Countess Beatriz de Dia wrote the only surviving song and it was called "A chantar m'er (I must sing)" |
| List four ways that secular music is similar to church music. | 1) Monophonic 2) it has no regular rhythmic pattern or meter 3) the song moves predominantly in step-wise motion 4) It has a strong sense of church mode (in this case, the Dorian mode) |
| What is one very definite way that secular music and church music are different, apart from their subject matter? Be very clear as to which is which. | Clear-cut repetitive schemes are common in the music of the troubadours and trouveres, but virtually unknown in the chant of the church. Often it is the rhyme scheme of the vernacular poem that creates regularity in the music. |
| Who was the very first troubadour whose name is unknown? | Duke William IX (1071-1126) |
| What is a chansonnier? | They are song books or a printed manuscript with chants, poetry, and songs inside |
| What famous king was also an early trouvere? | King Richard I of England (1157-1199). He is also called Richard the Lionheart because he showed courage during the crusades. |
| What is the German counterpart of the French troubadour and trouvere? | A love song in native toungue was called a minnesinger and the song he created a Minnesang song of love. |
| What is the term for a medieval song in Spanish or Portuguese? | Monophonic song in Spanish or Portugues is called cantiga |
| Who/what is the topic of cantigas collected by Alfonso the Wise? | The name was Cantigas de Santa Maria. These Cantigas all honor the Virgin Mary and tell of her miracles. Their musical style is more secular than sacred. |
| Music of Western Culture is distinguished from all other cultures by counterpoint, also known as polyphony. What is the name of the earliest surviving document that describes it? | Musica enchiriadis (Music Handbook) |
| Who is the author of the Music Enchiriadis? | Abbot Hoger (d. 906) |
| In parallel organum, what is the name of the voice that has the original chant tune? | Vox principalis (principal voice) |
| in parellel organum, is the chant tune above or below the added voice? | It is a fourth or fifth above. |
| What was the purpose of oblique motion? | To avoid tritone, the author of the Musica enchiriadis urges the organal voice to remain stationary at those potentially dangerous moments when there is a dissonant tritone, such as when the F and B sound together. |
| What theorist in what work was the first to discuss the eight church modes as we know them today? | John of St. Gall author of De Musica (c1100) |
| What theorist in what work was the first to be concerned about cadence, and what did he call it? | Guido of Arezzo was concerned about occursus (cadences) in his work Micrologus (c1030) |
| What is the earliest manuscript to contain examples of organum, and what is its approximate date? | (c1000 CE) and is called Winchester Troper |
| What manuscript from what date is the first to give composers' names for particular compositions? | Codex calixtinus (c1150) |
| Who wrote one of the earliest three-voice compositions, and what is its name? | Master Albertus of Paris wrote one of the earliest three-voice compositions, and his composition is Congaudean Catholici (Let the faithful rejoice) |
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