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Common Assessment #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter Five | Homeostasis and Cell Transport |
| The movement of substances across a cell m embrane without the use of energy by the cell | Passive Transport |
| The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density | Diffusion |
| A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance | Concentration Gradient |
| In biology, a state that exists when the co ncentration of a substance is the same throughout a space | Equilibrium |
| The diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent | Osmosis |
| Describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell | Hypotonic |
| Describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell | Hypertonic |
| Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute conetration iside a cell | Isotonic |
| In protists, an organelle that accumulates water and then releases it periodically to maintian osmotic pressure | Contractile Vacuole |
| The pressure that is exerted on the inside of tcell walls and that is caused by the m ovement of water into the cell | Turgor Pressure |
| The concentration of shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis | Plasmolysis |
| The bursting of a cell | Cytolysis |
| The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins | Facilitated Diffusion |
| A protein that transports substances across a cell membrane | Carrier Protein |
| A complex of protein molecules in a cell membrane that form a pore through which ions can pass | Ion Channel |
| The movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, againsit a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy | Active Transport |
| A carrier protein that uses TAP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell | Sodium Potassium Pump |
| The process by which a cell membrane su rrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to b ring the particle into the cell | Endocytosis |
| A small cavity or sac that contains materials in eukaryotic cell forms when part of the cell m embrane surrounds the materials to the be taken into the cell or transported within the cell | Vesicle |
| A method of active transport across the cell m embrane in which the cell takes in extacellular fluids | Pinocytosis |
| The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells, either as a defense mechanism or as a means to obtain food | Phagocytosis |
| A Cell that ingests and destroys (digests) foreign matter or microorganismas | Phagocyte |
| The process by which a substance is rleased from the cell through a vesicle that transporets the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out | Exocytosis |
| Chapter Six | Photsynthesis |
| An organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the enviroment instead of consuming other oganisms | Autotroph |
| The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohdrates and oxygen | Photosynthesis |
| An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials | Heterotroph |
| The initial reactions in photosynthesis, which are triggered by the absorpotion of light by photosystems I and II and incude the passage of electrons aong the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP th | Light Reactions |
| An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs | Chloroplast |
| A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis | Thylakoid |
| A Stack of theyaloids in a chloroplast | Granum |
| In plants the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast | Stroma |
| A substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color | Pigment |
| A green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carboyhdrates | Chlorophyll |
| A class of pigments that are present in the thylakoid membrane of plants and that aid to photosynthesis | Carotenoid |
| In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis | Photosystem |
| In chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane | Primary Electron Acceptor |
| A series of molecules found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane | Electron Transport Chain |
| In chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of prtons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP | Chemiosmosis |
| A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP | Calvin Cycle |
| The synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide such as in phtosynthesis | Carbon Fixation |
| Stomata | |
| A carbon fixing process in which carbon dioxide is bound to a compound to form a four carbon intermmediate | c4Pathway |
| A water conserving carbon fixing process CAM plants take in carbon at night and fix it into various organic compounds and elease it during the day | CAM Pathway |
| Chapter Seven | Cellular Respiration |
| The process by which cells obtain nergy from carboghydrages atmospheric oxygen comibines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide | Cellular Respiration |
| The three carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis | Pyruvic Acid |
| The reduced form of NAD+; an electron carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration | NADH |
| A process that does not require oxygen | Anaerobic |
| Anerobic Respiration | |
| The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy avaialble to cells in the formof ATP | Glycolysis |
| (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) an organic molecle that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to NAD and reduce to NADH | NAD |
| The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bactgeria, yeasts or mold in the absence of oxygen | Fermentation |
| The chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produce lactic acid as the main end product | Lactic Acid Fermentation |
| The anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol | Alcoholic fermentation |
| A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories | kilocalorie |
| The fluid that is inside the inner membrane of mitochondrion | Mitochondrial Matrix |
| Acetyl coenzyme A, a compound that is synthesized by cels and that plays a major role in metabolism | Acetyl CoA |
| A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water it is the m ajor pathway of oxidation in a nimal bacterial, and plant cells and it relases energy | Krebs cycle |
| A four carbon compound of Krebs cycle that combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid | oxaloacetic acid |
| A six carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle | citric acid |
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hudrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions | FAD |
Created by:
jeff.sokira