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In eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA, and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, themain ring of DNA
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A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells
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Ch 8 - Cell Reproduc
Ch 8-Cell Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA, and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, themain ring of DNA | Chromosome |
| A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells | Histone |
| One of the tw strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis of mitosis | Chromatid |
| The region of the chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis | Centromere |
| The material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromsomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur | Chromatin |
| One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual | Sex Chromsome |
| Any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome | Autosome |
| Chromsomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure and that pair d uring meiosis | Homologous chromosome |
| A micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size | Karyotype |
| Cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes | Diploid |
| Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromsomes | Haploid |
| A form of asexual reproduction in a single celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | Binary Fission |
| In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes | Mitosis |
| Reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically indentical to the parent. | Asexual Reproduction |
| A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells | Meiosis |
| A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote | Gamete |
| A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA and synthesizes proteins | Interphase |
| The division of the cytoplasma of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis. | Cytokinesis |
| The first stage of mitosis and m eiosis in cell division;' characterized by the condenstaion of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope | Prophase |
| One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes | Spindle Fiber |
| One of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator | Metaphase |
| A phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes sepearate | Anaphase |
| The final stage of mitosis or m eiosis, during which a nuclear m embrane forms around each set of new chromsomes | Telophase |
| The precusor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two | Cell Plate |
| The paring of homologous chromsomes during meiosis | Synapsis |
| The four chromatids in a pair of homologuous chromsomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meisoisis | Tetrad |
| The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis can result in genetic recombination | Crossing Over |
| The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of parents | Genetic Reproduction |
| The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromsomes to the gametes | Independent Assortment |
| The process by which male gametes form | Spermatogoensis |
| The production growth and maturation of an egg or ovum | Oogenesis |
| A short lived product of the formation of gamets by meiosis | Polar Body |
| The reproduction in which gametes from two parent unite | Sexual Reproduction |
| Attach to a disk shaped protein called a kinatochore that is found in the centromere regions of each chromosome kinatochore fibers extend from the kinatochore of eachc hromatid to one of the centrsomes. | Kinatochore fibers |
| Extend across the dividing cell from centrosome but do not attach to the chromosomes | Polar Fibers |
| An organelle that is composed of two short microtubules at right angles to each other and that has an active role in mitosis | Centrioles |
| In eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during a phase of the cell cycle called | S Phase |
| In the G0 phase, cells | c. exit from the cell cycle |
| List the five main phases of the cell cycle, and briefly explain what occurs during each phase | Interphase: the growth of the cell Prophase: chromatid pair up, nucleus dissolves Metaphase: Chromsomes line up in the center of the cell Anaphase: spindle fibers pulling them apart Telophase: the nuclear membrane forms and gets ready for division |
| List four phases of mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell | Cytokinesis is the process in which the cytoplasm of a plant cell is split. After replication of the nucleus, the cell plate forms in the center of the cell. This plate continues to grow until it completely divides the cell which is the completion of cyto |
| What would happen to a cell and its offspring if the cells did not go through a g1 phase during their cell cycle? Explain | cell would not divide because there are checkpoints at the end of the g1 and g2 phases that make sure growth has occured efficiently. if not the cell will go into a quiesent phase known as g0 where the cell doesnt continue to divide. Read more: http: |
| Is the production of mature egg cells or ova | ova |
| During synapsis, the | chromosomes line up next to their homologues |
| During crossing over portions of the chromatids | break off and attach to adjacent crhomatids on the homologous chromosome. |
| In which phase of meiosis do tetrads form | Prophase I |
| In oogenesis a diplid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce | one diplid gamete |
| Describe two ways in which genetic recombination occurs during meiosis. | Genetic recombination occurs with the pairing of homologues as well as in synapsis of prophase I. |
| List the four phases of meiosis and briefly explain what occurs during each phase | Prophase 1 - Homologous chromosomes form tetrads and cross over. Mitotic spindle travels to opposite polls. Metaphase 1 - Tetrads line up at center, chromosomes attached to spindle fibers. Anaphase 1 - Homologous chromosomes separate. Telophase 1 - Cell f |
| How do the products of meiosis I differ from thos of meiosis II? | Meiosis I is identical to mitotic division resulting in a copy of a diploid cell. Meiosis II is when the cells split up making 4 haploid daughter cells. |
| What are one advantage of asexual reproduction compared with sexual reproduction? | Advantage - Off spring doesnt have birth defects Disadvantage - Same genes |
| Describe the structure of a chromosome.(Section One) | A chromosome is composed of two identical chromatids attached by a centromere. Each chromatid is made up of tightly wound DNA wrapped around histones. During cell division, spindle fibers attach to the kinetichore. |
| Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromsomes and eukaryotic chromsomes.(Section One) | * |
| Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species. (Section One) | *Buffalo Bison bison 60 Cat Felis catus 38 60 |
| Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.(Section One) | Autosomes are the somatic chromosomes which control the body characters or somatic characters, Whereas Sex chromosomes are the allosomes which determines sex of an individual. |
| Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.(Section One) | Haploid cells have one chromosome, while diploid cells have several sets of chromosomes. |
| Name the proteins that DNA wraps around to form a ch romosome in eukaryotic cells.(Section One) | histones |
| How do the structure and location of a prokaryotic crhomosome differ from that of a eukaryotic chromosome? (Section One) | Eukaryotic cells have a double membrane, surrounding the nucleus, the organelle that contains several chromosomes. The prokaryote chromosomes are dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane |
| Does chromosome number indicate whether an organism is a plant or an animal? Explain?(Section One) | No. Just number of chromosomes cannot indicate whether the organism is a plant or an animal. |
| Contrast sex chromosomes with automomes.(Section One) | The sex chromosomes control what the gender of the offspring will be, where as the autosomes control...well....everything else. |
| Using Table 8-1, list the haploid and diploid number of chromosomes fro each organism. (Section One) | * |
| Give support for your answer.(Section One) | No. Chromsomes are subject to breakage and fusion over evolutionary time, which can result in an increase or decrease in chromosome number, and the forces behind that are independent of an organism's size. |
| What would be the consequence for future genteraions of cells if sperm and egg cells were normally diploid?(Section One) | If all else went normally, the sperm and egg would unite and form a new cell that had four of each chromosome set. That would not be a volatile embryo. |
| What is the sex of a person whose chromosomes are shown in Figure 8-3 above? Explain your answer.(Section One) | * |
| Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.(Section Two) | Prokaryotes are much simpler in their organization than are eukaryotes. There are a great many more organelles in eukaryotes, also more chromosomes. The usual method of prokaryote cell division is termed binary fission. The prokaryotic chromosome is a sin |
| Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes.(Section Two) | * |
| Summarize the events of interphase. (Section Two) | The thee main phases of interphase are G1, S and G2. During phase G1 the cell is undergoing rapid growth. Organelle synthesis is happening.. which also leads to protein synthesis as the cell requires structural proteins and enzymes. then in phase |
| Describe the stages of mitosis (Section Two) | PROPHASE: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, neclear envelope dissapears. METAPHASE: chromosome align at the equatorial plate. ANAPHASE: sister chromatids separate,centromeres divide AND TELOPHASE: chromatin expands, cytoplasm devides . Mitosis |
| Compare cytokeinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells.(Section Two) | cytokinesis in an animal cell occurs by a process called cleavage. A cleavage furrow appears and at the site of the cleavage furrow, the cytoplasm has a ring of microfilaments made of actin associated with molecules of the protein myosin. This ring of pro |
| Explain how cell division is controlled. (Section Two) | It is controlled by cyclins, cdks, apc, and checkpoints |
| Name the process by which prokaryotic cells divide.(Section Two) | Binary Fission is the process by which prokaryotic cells divide |
| What is the name of the process by which hte cell's cytoplasm divides? (Section Two) | Cytokinesis |
| During which of the phases of interphase does an offspring cell grow to mature size? (Section Two) | The phase known as G1 is when offspring cells grow to a mature size. |
| During which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate to become chromosomes? (Section Two) | In Metaphase the chromosomes lines up at the equator of the cell. |
| Explain the main difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and cytokinesis in plant cells.(Section Two) | During the division of the cell membrane (CYTOKINESIS), animal cells divide the cytoplasm by constricting the cell membrane in the middle to form a CLEAVAGE FURROW while plant cells form a CELL PLATE. |
| Which type of molecule controls the cell cycle?(Section Two) | cyclin. MPF, Cdk are also things that fluctuate with the cycle |
| What would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis?(Section Two) | The chromosomes would not have replicated, so the resulting daughter cells will not have the correct ploidy. |
| What would result if chromosomes did not replicate during interphase?(Section Two) | the cell should enter G0. Before entering each phase, there is a kind of checkpoint system that it would have to pass before moving on so the cell shouldn't continue. |
| Why are individual chromosomes more difficult to see during interphase than during mitois? (Section Two) | During mitosis, they condense (get thicker) from coiling and winding up around themselves. |
| Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis. (Section Three) | Meiosis is the process where sex cells are formed. They are diploid in the beginning and end up being haploid. Once cell dividing in meiosis will form 4 daughter cells. Mitosis is the process by which normal body cells reproduce. The start out as diploid |
| Summarize the events of meiois I.(Section Three) | MEIOSIS I -Prophase I --leptotene --zygotene --pachytene --diplotene --diakinesis -Metaphase -Anaphase I -Telophase I |
| Explain crossing over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.(Section Three) | * |
| Summarize the events of meiosis II.(Section Three) | MEIOSIS II -Prophase II -Metaphase II -Anaphase II -Telophase II |
| Compare spermatogenesis and oogensis.(Section Three) | spermatogenesis: is the production of sperm cells through the testes (semineferous tubules) oogenesis: is the production of egg cells through the ovary |
| Define sexual reproduction. (Section Three) | The reproduction in which gametes from two parent unite. |
| How do the end products of meiosis differ from the end products of mitosis? (Section Three) | Meiosis is the process where sex cells are formed. They are diploid in the beginning and end up being haploid. Once cell dividing in meiosis will form 4 daughter cells. Mitosis is the process by which normal body cells reproduce. The start out as diploi |
| How does the anaphase I in meiosis differ from anaphase in mitosis? (Section Three) | In meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs separate.In mitosis, individual chromatides seperate. |
| Explain the role of crossing over in ensuring genetic variation. (Section Three) | *That way the offspring has different genes from both of the parents. Weather being humans or cells in mieosis |
| During which stage of meiosis is the diploid number of chromsomes reduced to the haploid number of chromosomes? (Section Three) | Anaphase II This is the stage at which point 2n sister chromatids are separated to n chromatids. |
| Describe the differences between spermatogeniss and oogeneis.(Section Three) | * |
| Why is meiosis essential to sexual reproduction? (Section Three) | * |
Created by:
jeff.sokira