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Film processing ch20
chapter 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primnary agents of the developing process of film processing | reducing agents, activator, restrainer, preservatives, hardener, solvent |
| What is the effects on the film when unexposed silver halides are rsduced | chemical fog |
| What quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail and subtle shades of gray and works only in areas of light exposures | phenidone |
| What slowly reduces silver and produces heavy density | hydroquinone |
| What is it called when two reducing agents are combined, forming a PQ developer, their reducing agents are greater than their sum of their independent abilities | superaddivity |
| what happens when the reducing agent is oxidized | it gives up electrons |
| What occurs when a silver halide crystal takes one of the electrons and is changed to black metallic silver | reduction |
| What reduces the strength of the developer solutions | oxidation/reduction process |
| What happens as a developer oxidizes | it changes color, first to deep amber, then to brown and, finally to a thik rust red |
| What helps to maintain the developer solution in an alkaline state (pH 10.0 to 10.5) | activator usually sodium carbonate |
| What causes the gelatin to swell and become more premeable | activator |
| True or False: developer solution that splash onto clothing and walls are corrosive and should be neutralized with fixer solution or diluted with water | true |
| What is the name of the is used as a restrainer | potassium bromide |
| What is added to the deveoper to restrict the reducing action to those crystals withsensitivity speck gates | potassium bromide |
| What kind of agent is the restrainer | an antifogging agent |
| what decrease oxidation of thereducing agents when they are combined with air | preservatives |
| What tanks are narrow and tall and reduces the surface and the oxidarion effect | developer solution tanks |
| What is the most common developer solution hardener | glutaraldehyde |
| What control the swelling of gelatin to prevent scratches and abrasions to the emulsion during processing | glutaraldehyde |
| What maintain uniform folm thickness to assist in transport through anautomatic processor | glutaraldehyde |
| What will happen if the hardener is not hard enough | it will stick |
| True or False: is the chemicals suspended in water as a solvent | true |
| What type of filter is used to remove impurities | 5-10 um |
| In what type of climate should the chemicals be treated to eliminate bacteria and fungus | tropical |
| What solution is dramatically affected by contamination | developer |
| What percentage of fixer in a developer tank will destroy the ability of the reducing agent | 0.1% |
| what color of films processed in contaminated developer | gray (extremely low contrast) |
| What is the most commom cause of contamination | splashing |
| what is another cause for contamination due to heat necessary for processing | evaporation |
| Where do solution evaporate and condense | on the processor lid |
| What can occur when the fixer condensation drips into the developer tank | contamination |
| When the processor is shut down what can occur what canoccur when the processor cools | condensation |
| How should the processor top be placed when not in use | propped open |
| True or False: contamination occur when splashing or condensation of the developer drips in the fixer tank | false |
| What must be removed from the emulsion to permanently fix the image before exposure to light for viewing | undeveloped silver halides |
| what is important step is accomplished by using a clearing agent that bonds with the unexposed silver halides and remives them from the emulsion | fixing |
| What is the primary agent of the fixer | clearing agent |
| What do the fixer solution include | activator, preservative, hardener, and water as a solvent |
| What do nearly all fixer solution use as the clearing fixing agent | ammonium thiosulfate |
| What kind of appearance will the film have if the fixer have not completely cleared the film | a milky appearance |
| What is defined as twice the time necessary for the milky appearance to dissapear | clearing time |
| What is the clearing time in a 90 second processor | 15-20 seconds |
| What is used as the activator in the fixer | acetic acid |
| What is the pH maintained in the activator of the fixer to enhance the function of the clearing agent | 4.0 to 4.5 |
| What does the activator serve as o keep the reducing agent from continuing to function when the film is immersed in the fixer | stop bath |
| What perservative is not only used in the fixer but also in the developer | sodium sulfate |
| What does sodium sulfate dissolves | silver from ammonium thiosilversulfate |
| What hardener is only effective in an alkaline solution | glutaraldehyde (hardener of the developer) |
| What are aluminum chloride, chromium alum, or potassium alum are examples of | fixer hardeners |
| What purpose does the hardener serves | prevention of scratches, and abrasions to the emulsion during processing and maintenance of a uniform thickness of the film during transport |
| What will insufficient hardeners do to film | cause films to exit the processor with moist and softened surfaces |
| what solvent should be treated and filtered | water |
| What is it called when the solutionn become unable to accept additional silver and requires a longer clearing time | depletion |
| What constantly replenish the fixer solution to eliminate depletion | automatic processors |
| What could be reclaimed through varios silver recovery processes | siler ions |
| What process is composed of washing and drying | archiving |
| What process is uses water to remove as much of the fixer and developer solutions as possible | washing |
| In the drying process is the temperature ranges | 120-150 |
| What sets the final hardening to the emulsion and seals the supercoat | hot air |
| What is the length of time an original radiographs are stored | 5-7 years |
| What is the temperature and humidity the processed radiographs are stored | 70 degrees and 60% humidity |
| Manually processed films were produced until what | Kodak introcduced the first automatic processor in 1957 |
| How fast did the automatic processor produced film | 15 minutes |
| Which processor took one hour to process and dry a film | manually |
| How fast do modern processors process a film | 45 to 120 seconds |
| What are the sudsystems the automatic processor to process film | transport, dryer, replenishment, circulation, and temperature control |
| which subsystem is designed to move a film through the developer, fixer, wash, and dryer sections of the processor | transport |
| The transport system controls _______ the radiograph is immersed in each of the ________ and _______ the chemistry to ensure maximum reaction | length of time, solutions, agitates |
| What subsystem is the transport racks, networks and drive system consist of | transport system |
| what subsystem of transport system consist of three series of rollers | transport racks |
| What equipment is used to turn the film at the bottom and top of the transport rack | combination of master roller, planetary rollers and guide shoes |
| The guide shoes then force the edge around the __________ with the help of the ___________ | master roller, planetary rollers |
| What are the final set of rollers in the transport rack | special squeegee rollers |
| What type of rollers remove excess solution from the film as it is pulled from each tank | sqeegee rollers |
| What two subsystems of transport operates with the master roller and guide shoes | crossover network and transport rack |
| What subsystem is used to bend and turn the film when it reaches the top of the transport rack ans must be directed down into the next tank or section | crossover network |
| What is a special crossover network designed to start the film traveling from the feed tray down into the developer section | entrance rolllers |
| What are the entrance rollers designed with that grips the film and feed it evenly into the first rack and straight into the entire processor | ribs |
| What should always be used to align each film as it is fed into the entrance rollers | the guides at each side of the feed tray |
| How should the film be put into the feed tray to avoid excess wear on one side of the transport rollers | crosswise with the short axis along the feed tray side guide |
| What does the drive system use to turn the numerous rollers in the processor form power supplied | a single motor |
| What is the speed of the drive system usually set to move a film from the entrance rollers to the feed tray (dry to dry) | 45-120 seconds |
| What percentage of slowing or speeding canaffect the image quality | 2 percent |
| What is the final stage of processing the film | drying |
| What begins with a series of squeegee crossover rollers removing excess wash water from the surface of the film | dryer system |
| After the squeegee rollers how is the film driven | between the double row of slotted, hot-forced air tubes |
| What draws room air past electric heating coils, producing air at 120 to 150 degrees | a high speed fan |
| What hapens when there is depletion or lack of hardener in the fixer or saturation or insufficient fresh water in the wash tank than in thedryer section | the film exits the processor damp |
| What replaces chemicals that are depleted through the chemical reactions of processing, oxidation, and evaporation | replenishment system |
| What should be added tothe replenishing solution when starting fresh water tank of developer | a special starter solution of acetic acid and potassium bromide (restrainer) |
| What happens if the starter solution is not added to the fresh developer | images will be dark and the sensiotomerty will be out of control |
| What is used for high volume units | volume replenishment |
| What is used for low volume units | flood replenishment |
| In the replenishment system what may the entrance rollers activate | a microswitch or an infrared sensor |
| What is another name for flood replenishment | timed or standby replenishment |
| What is supplied on many processors | standby switch |
| In some processors what happens when 2 minutes pass without a film entering the unit | the processor shuts down |
| What must be manually activated to bring the processing unit to readiness | standby switch |
| What can be adjusted so that more fixer is replenished than the developer | replenishment rate |
| What is the range for the developer replenishment rate | from 4-5 ml per inch of film feed |
| What is the range for fixer rate | 6-8 ml per inch |
| What are hazardous material and are covered by several federal agencies in the United States | processing solutions |
| Who have implemented regulations affecting processing chemicals | OSHA, EPA, and department of transportation |
| who are required to have material safety data sheets on hand | users of the chemical |
| What is extremely destructive to eyes if splashed and protective eye wear should always be worn | the developer (first part mixed) witha pH of 12.0 |
| What is designed to stabilize temperatures, agitate solutions, mix the chemistyy and filter the solution | circulation system |
| Most circulation systems draw chemistry from the _____ ends of the developer and tanks and _______ to the upper ends | bottom, pump |
| What ia permitted to flow from the top of the tank into a drain | excess solution |
| What should be considered toxic and under no circumstances should it be dumped directly into an open drain | fixer overflow |
| What is enviromentally unsound | to drain wash tank water into the sewer lines |
| What contains three solutions at compatible temperatures | temperature control syatem |
| What temperature does the 90 second automatic processor require of the developer | 92-96 degrees |
| What temperature would a 2 minute processor operate | 83-86 degrees |
| What is a light proof laboratory used for loading and unloading cassettes and feeding film into the automatic processor | darkroom |
| When is film more sensitive | after exposure |
| What should be the understanding when handling an exposed film in the darkroom | mishandling will require a double dose of radiation to the patient |
| What are radiograph film is designed to be sensitive to | specific wavelengths of orange-red light |
| What do sodium vapor safelights emit | an orange-yellow light |
| What is direct illumination for most radiographic film possible | Kodak GBX filter (dark red) over a low intensity (7-15 watt) bulb that is 4 feet from the working area |
| When is it much easier to locate film and other objects | when benches and flooring is light colored |
| What are single doors, interloking doors, revolving doors, or light proof maze is an example of | darkroom entrances |
| What are the disadantages of single door darkrooms | film must be protected from light, film storage bins must be closed, processor feed tray must be emptied each time the door is opened |
| What is always be checked before opening a single door entrance | all film bins |
| What is the advantages of single door entrances of darkrooms | space and cost savings |
| What are film cassettes passed through into the darkroom which is a light proof container set in the wall | pass box or cassette hatch |
| What is the pass boxes are two sided and labeled with | exposed and unexposed,both have interlocking doors |
| What is designed to prevent both doors to be opened at once, allowing light into the darkroom | interlocking light proof doors |
| What should be located beneath each pass box | grounded loading bench |
| where should the film bin be located in the darkroom | under the loading bench |
| How small should the darkroom be | not more than 1 to 2 steps to perform any operation |
| What communication should the darkroom include | light proof speaking |
| What type of light should the darkroom include | full white light illumination |
| Lightening should be controlled by how many switches | two seperate switches removed from one another |
| What should be done to avoid accidental exposure | the white light switch should be located higher than the safelight switch |
| What should be the primarily concern for the darkroom | ventilation |
| Where should chemical fumes be directed | directly to the outside of the building |
| What would result if the fumes are not directed behind of the building | the toxic fumes could be picked up by the ventilation systems adn delivered to critical areas in the hospital |
| What else should be maintained by the darkroom | good circulation of air |
| What must darkrooms in colder climates require during winter months so that electrostatic discharged is reduced | humidifiers to ensre humidity between 40-60% |
| What must not be made of copper because processing chemicals will react with it | drains |
| Large departmnets are are equipped with how many processors | two |
| How do the dual processors allow the darkroom to function | permit the darkroom to function even if one is inoperable or undergoing maintenance |
| When is the fixer more valuable | after processing than before |
| Depending in what type of recovering systems is the purchasing price of film is recovered | 10 percent |
| What will the cost of recovery cover | the cost of processing and handling |
| What type of units are metallic replacement, electrlytic, chemical precipitation, and resin | silver recovery units |
| What breaks down the iron in a steel screen or in steel wool and displaces or replaces it with silver in the metallic replacement | fixer acids |
| What are sometimes called silver buckets or cartridges | metallic replacement units |
| What art of the metallic replacement units that designed for low-volume situations only | metallic replacement buckets |
| What pass a current from a cathode to anode through the fixer | electrolytic units |
| What volumre is the electrolytic units and produce easily processed silver flakes | high volume |
| What are the electrolytic units also called | cells ( they work like cell batteries) |
| What is heavy enough to precipitate out and fall to the bottom of the tank | metallic silver |
| What are new reagents available for precipitating | large volumes of fixer |
| What use acid to to form resin | resin units |
| The __________ in solution is attrcted to resins and forms _______________ | silver, black metallic silver |
| What is processed to remove the silver | resin |
| What must be properly sized for the amount if silver in the fixer | silver recovery units |
| What is available to determine the silver content remaining in the solution as it exits the silver recovery unit | test strips |
| What can be done by dropping a copper penny into the existing solution | copper test |
| What does the the heavy coating on a copper penny indicates | too much is not being recovered |
| What retains half the silver and can be recovered | film |
| What has twice amount of silver as processed film | unexposed (green) film |
| What has been recommended for unexposed film | it be ran through the processor to permit the fixer to reclaim half the silver |
| What should be saved for recycling | scrap film |
| Wha tis the gelatin in emulsion been extracted | from calf skin, calves that graze on mustard plants produce better gelatin |
| Which films are more sensitive | fast films |
| Waht is twice as fast as medium speed | high speed |
| Where should film be stored | cool dry area |
| What are caused by bending the film | crinkle artifacts |
| What is caused by pulling the film from the bin too rapidly | crown static |
| What is caused by pulling the film from the cassette too rapidly | tree static |
| What film is handled in total darkness | laser film |
| What is the result of the blue tint, manufacturing, and chemical development | base plus fog |
| What must be of fine grain, single emulsion and produced high contrast | film emulsion used for mammography |
| What film is more sensitive after exposure | X ray film emulsion |
| When should processor cleaning racks are cleaned | on daily bases |
| when is the processor monitor cleaned | on a daily bases |
| What is the problem if the film appears milky | unreplenished fixer |
| What small marks on the radiograph 3.1416 inches apart are called | PI Lines |
Created by:
rachel43