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Med. Term. Ch2
Medical Terminology for Health Professions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body | anatomic reference systems |
| study of the structures of the body | anatomy |
| study of the functions of the structures of the body | physiology |
| describes the body assuming that the individual is standing in the standard position | anatomic position |
| imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes; these planes are aligned to a body standing in the anatomic position | body planes |
| an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon | vertical plane |
| also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves | midsagittal plane |
| vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions | sagittal plane |
| vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; also known as the coronal plane | frontal plane |
| flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon | horizontal plane |
| a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; it can be at the waist or at any other level across the body | transverse plane |
| refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body | ventral |
| means belly side of the body | ventr |
| refers to the back of the organ or body | dorsal |
| means back of the body | dors |
| means situated in the front; it also means on the front or forward part of an organ | anterior |
| means front or before | anter |
| means pertaining to | -ior |
| true of false: the stomach is located anterior to (in front of) the pancreas | true |
| means situated in the back; it also means on the back part of an organ | posterior |
| means back or toward the back | poster |
| true or false: the pancreas is located posterior to (behind the stomach) | true |
| means uppermost, above, or toward the head | superior |
| are the lungs located SUPERIOR to (above) or INFERIOR to (below) the diaphragm? | superior |
| means lowermost, below, or toward the feet | inferior |
| true or false: the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm | inferior |
| what is the opposite of ANTERIOR? | posterior |
| what is the opposite of SUPERIOR? | inferior |
| means toward the head | cephalic |
| means head | cephal |
| what is the opposite of CEPHALIC? | caudal |
| means toward the lower part of the body | caudal |
| means tail or lower part of the body | caud |
| means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure | proximal |
| what is the opposite of DISTAL? | proximal |
| means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure | distal |
| means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline | medial |
| what is the opposite of MEDIAL? | lateral |
| means the direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline | lateral |
| means relating to, or having, two sides | bilateral |
| spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs | body cavities |
| what are the two major body cavities? | the dorsal and the ventral cavities |
| located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions | dorsal cavity |
| located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain | cranial cavity |
| means pertaining to the skull | cranial |
| located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord | spinal cavity |
| what are the two portions of the dorsal cavity? | cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis | ventral cavity |
| the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment | homeostasis |
| means constant | home/o |
| means control | -stasis |
| surrounds and protects the heart and lungs, also known as the chest cavity or thorax | thoracic cavity |
| a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities | diaphragm |
| contains primarily the major organs of digestion | abdominal cavity |
| the space formed by the hip bones and it contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems | pelvic cavity |
| this term refers the the abdominal and pelvis cavities as a single unit | abdominopelvic cavity |
| true or false: there is no physical division between teh abdominal and pelvic cavity | true |
| means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen | inguinal |
| the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh | groin |
| are located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs | hypochondriac regions |
| means below | hypo- |
| means cartilage | chondr/i |
| means below the ribs; it can also be used to describe an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health | hypochondriac |
| located above the stomach | epigastric region |
| means above | epi- |
| located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine | lumbar regions |
| means lower back | lumb |
| describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis | lumbar |
| surrounds the umbilicus which is commonly known as the belly button or navel | umbilical region |
| the belly button or navel | umbilicus |
| located on the left and right sides over the hip bones; named for the wide portion of the hip bone | iliac regions |
| means hip bone | ili |
| located below the stomach | hypogastric region |
| this term means divided in four | quadrant |
| is multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity | peritoneum |
| a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ | membrane |
| the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall | parietal peritoneum |
| means cavity wall | parietal |
| the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity | visceral peritoneum |
| means relating to the internal organs | visceral |
| a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall | mesentery |
| means located behind the peritoneum | retroperitoneal |
| means behind | retro- |
| means peritoneum | periton |
| -eal | means pertaining to |
| true or false: the location of the kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal column | true |
| inflammation of the peritoneum | peritonitis |
| means peritoneum | periton |
| the basic structural and functional units of the body | cells |
| is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell | cytology |
| the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment | cell membrane |
| the material within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| means formative material of cells | -plasm |
| this is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell that has two important functions: 1) it controls the activities of the cell, and 2) it helps the cell divide | nucleus |
| are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division | stem cells |
| undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, also known as somatic stem cells | adult stem cells |
| means not having a specialized function or structure | undifferentiated |
| means having a specialized function or structure | differentiated |
| undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form ANY adult cell | embryonic stem cells |
| a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity | gene |
| the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease | genetics |
| means producing | gene |
| -tics | pertaining to |
| a specialist in the field of genetics | geneticist |
| inherited from either parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic | dominant gene |
| inherited from both parents, the offspring WILL HAVE that condition | recessive |
| true or false: freckles are a physical trait that is recessive | FALSE! freckles are DOMINANT |
| true or false: sickle cell anemia is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted by a recessive gene | true |
| the complete set of genetic information of an individual | genome |
| the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell | chromosomes |
| any cell in the body except the gametes | somatic cell |
| means pertaining to the body in general | somatic |
| somatic cells contain __ chromosomes arranged into __ pairs. | *46 and *23 |
| the only type of cell that DOES NOT contain 46 chromosomes, also known as a gamete | sex cell |
| the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| a shape twisted like a spiral staircase | helix |
| consists of two of these strands twisted together | double helix |
| a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule | genetic mutation |
| a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene, also known as a hereditary disorder | genetic disorder |
| a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems | Cystic fibrosis (CF) |
| a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease | Down syndrome (DS) |
| a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing; this blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury | Hemophilia |
| this condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife; this damage eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities | Huntington's disease (HD) |
| a genetic disorder that is passed form parent to child; each child of a parent with the gene for this disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene | Huntington's disease (HD) |
| means worsening condition | degeneration |
| the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement | Muscular dystrophy |
| a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing, also known as PKU | Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| this genetic disorder can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth; with careful dietary supervision, children born with this genetic disorder can lead normal lives, without detection and treatment, this causes severe mental retardation | Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain; both parents must carry the mutated gene in order to have an affected child | Tay-Sachs disease |
| the most common form of the disease affects babies who appear healthy at birth and seem to develop normally for the first few months | Tay-Sachs disease |
| after seeming healthy at birth, development then slows and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical abilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, & early death | Tay-Sachs disease |
| a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions | tissue |
| epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve are all types of what? | tissue |
| the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues | histology |
| means tissue | hist |
| a specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels | histologist |
| form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body; these tissues also form glands | epithelial tissues |
| the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes | epithelium |
| the outer layer of the skin | epidermis |
| is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs | endothelium |
| support and connect organs and other body tissues | connective tissues |
| dense, adipose, loose, and liquid are types of what? | connective tissues |
| such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body | dense connective tissues |
| provides protective padding, insulation, and support, also known as fat | adipose tissue |
| means fat | adip |
| -ose | means pertaining to |
| surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels | loose connective tissue |
| which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body | liquid connective tissues |
| contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax | muscle tissue |
| contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses | nerve tissue |
| the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue | aplasia |
| means without | a- |
| means formation | -plasia |
| the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells | hypoplasia |
| means deficient | hypo- |
| is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other; this abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers | anaplasia |
| abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs | dysplasia |
| means excessive | ana- |
| means bad | dys- |
| a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, or cells in the tissues; this enlargement is not due to tumor formation | hypertrophy |
| means excessive | hyper- |
| means development | -trophy |
| a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions | gland |
| the substance produced by a gland | secretion |
| what are the two major types of glands? | exocrine and endocrine glands |
| such as sweat glands, secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body | exocrine glands |
| means out of | exo- |
| means to secrete | -crine |
| produce hormones, do not have ducts; these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, which are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body | endocrine glands |
| the inflammation of a gland | adenitis |
| means gland | aden |
| a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue | adenocarcinoma |
| means gland | aden/o |
| means cancerous | carcin |
| means tumor | -oma |
| the abnormal softening of a gland | adenomalacia |
| any disease condition of a gland | adenosis |
| the abnormal hardening of a gland | adenosclerosis |
| the surgical removal of a gland | adenectomy |
| a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function | organ |
| the study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function | pathology |
| path/o and -pathy mean what? | disease |
| specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to conform or establish a diagnosis | pathologist |
| means after death | postmortem |
| a postmortem examination is also know as what? | autopsy |
| study of the causes of diseases | etiology |
| means cause | eti- |
| a disease-producig microorganism such as a virus | pathogen |
| the spread of disease | transmission |
| means that a pathogen is possibly present | contamination |
| any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects, also known a a contagious disease | communicable disease |
| means capable of being transmitted | communicable |
| refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface | indirect contact transmission |
| the spread of a disease trough contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood; examples: HIV, Hepatitis B, and most STDs | bloodborne transmission |
| occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze; examples: TB, flu, colds, and measles | airborne transmission |
| caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present, also known as fecal-oral transmission | food-borne and waterborne transmisson |
| spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insects or animals) | vector-borne transmission |
| a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group | epidemiologist |
| epi- | means above |
| dem | means population |
| a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area; for example: a sudden widespread outbreak of measles | EPIdemic |
| refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area; for example: the common cold | ENdemic |
| refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide | PANdemic |
| means within | en- |
| means entire | pan- |
| produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified; for example: a panic attack | functional disorder |
| an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment; for example: severe burns resulting from radiation therapy | iatrogenic illness |
| an illness without known cause | idiopathic disorder |
| means peculiar to the individual | idi/o |
| an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses | infectious disease |
| a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting; for example: MRSA | nosocomial infection |
| an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth; can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birth process | congenital disorder |
| can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe, also knows as a birth defect | developmental disorder |
| a deviation from what is regarded as normal | anomaly |
| describes the congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular | atresia |
| are the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery | prenatal influences |
| caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy | fetal alcohol syndrome |
| a birth that occurs earlier that 37 weeks of development | premature birth |
| congenital disorder that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth | birth injuries |
| the result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process | cerebral palsy |
| the study of the medical problem and care of the aged | geriatrics or gerontology |
| a physician who specializes in the care of older people | geriatrician or gerontologist |
Created by:
heartashley