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apgppoliticalparties
APGP Political Parties
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Political Party | An organized effort by office holders, candidates, activists, and voters to pursue their common interests by gaining and exercising power through th electoral process |
| Governmental party | The office holders who organize themselves and pursue policy objectives under a party label |
| Organizational Party | The workers and activists who make up the party's formal organization structure |
| Party in the electorate | The voters who consider themselves allies or associated with the party |
| George Washington's Farewell warning | George Washington's public farewell warned nation against parties and marked the effective end of the brief era of party-less politics in the US |
| Federalists | Like Adams, supported strong central gov. |
| Democratic-Republicans | -Thomas Jefferson and his Allies -Inherited mantle of the Anti-Federalists -supported strong state gov. |
| Era of good feelings | James Monroe's Presidency from 1817-1825 -Party politics was nearly suspended at the national level |
| Party membership broadens | Party growth fueled by enormous increase in the electorate (1820-1840) |
| Democratic Party | Succeeded old Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans -Held first national presidential nomination convention |
| Who did the Democratic Party attract and why? | Newly enfranchised voters drawn to Jackson's charismatic style |
| Andrew Jackson's Party | Democratic Party |
| Whigs | -formed by opposition to Jackson's Presidency -competed with democrats |
| party henry clay affiliated with? | whigs |
| The _______ party was formed around ______'s popularity | Democratic Republican. Andrew Jackson |
| Republican Party | -replaced whigs -formed by abolitionists -set its sights on abolition of slavery |
| what was US's 1st 2 party sys? | Democratic Republican/whigs |
| Abraham Lincoln | -with leftovers of whigs & snti-slavery northern democrats lead this candidate to a victory |
| tradition of a solidly democratic south | in year of Abraham ALL STATS in south started voting solidly democratic starting a strong tradition not broken until 1920 |
| 2 major parties from the presidential election of 1860 | Democrats and Republicans |
| Central traits of the "Golden Age" | -party stability -the dominance of party organizations in local and state gov. -the impact of those organizations on the lives of millions of voters |
| Political Machines | A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity |
| Party loyalty and devotion in Golden Age | Parties generated this among their supporters and office holders that helped to produce startling high voter turnouts |
| Voter turnout in the Golden Age | shockingly high, 75% in presidential elections compared to today;s 50-60% |
| "Boss" Tweed | Leader of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine that ran NYC until his conviction on graft charges |
| gov.'s gradual assumption key functions of parties | Historically this such as printing ballots, conducting elections, and providing social welfare services had a major impact. |
| FDR's New Deal | Social services began to be seen as a right of citizenship rather than as a privilege extended in exchange for a person's support of a party |
| Direct primary | The selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nominating conventions, gained wide adoption by the states in the first 2 decades of 1900s |
| civil service laws | These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition |
| issue-oriented politics | Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties |
| ticket-split | To vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
| candidate-centered politics | Politics that focuses directly on the candidates, their particular issues, and character, rather than on party affiliation |
| party realignment | A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections. |
| critical elections | An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues |
| 3 tumultuous eras producing significant critical elections | 1-Jefferson in reaction against Federalists strong centralized gov.formed Democratic-Rep. party. 2-In reaction 2 growing slavery crisis Whigs>Republicans gained strength. 3-Great D. caused lots of voters 2 drop Rep Party policies/embrace Democratic Party |
| secular realignment | The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system |
| simple generational replacement | the dying off of elderly, the maturing of the younger. |
| era of weaker party attachment | (such as we are currently experiencing) -A dramatic, full-scale realignment may not be possible |
| shift from Democratic Party to Republican Party in South | During 1990's South became Dem>Repub, North became Repub>Dem -Democrats shifted platform eventually to be more liberal (cause of change in south) |
| party affiliation helpful to elected leaders | Enormously helpful: they can count on support among their fellow party member not just in times of trouble but also when they need to gather support for tight votes/general political & legislative matters |
| coalition | A group made up of interest or organizations that join forces for the purpose of electing public officials |
| getting out the vote (GOTV) | voter registration drive where parties spend tremendous resources to identify their base voters and then motivate these people to cast a ballot through the mail or at the ballot box |
| mechanisms for organizing and containing political change | as this, the parties are a potent force for stability. They represent continuity in the wake of changing issue and personalities, anchoring the electorate in the midst of the storm of new political policies and people |
| inherent contradictions in party coalitions | -these oddly enough strengthen the nation -ex FDR's new deal included many AAs and most southern whites, opposing groups, none the less joined in common political purpose by $ hardship and, in the case of better-off Southerners, in longtime voting habits |
| intended fragmentation | There is this within each branch and the party once again helps narrow the differences between the HOR and the Senate or b/w the pres. and the dept, heads in the exec. branch |
| basis for mediation and negotiation | PARTY AFFILIATION is a basis for mediation and negotiation laterally among the branches of gov. and vertically among nsl gov. |
| party-linkage function | ***** |
| competitive | both parties have sufficient organization money, and people to run a vigorous election campaign and to sustain their arguments through the period of governance |
| party identification as a filter | A voter's party identification can act as filter for info, a perpetual screen that affects how he or she digests political news |
| party identification as a cue | Party affiliation provides a useful cue for voters, particularly for the least informed and least interested who can use the party label as a shortcut or substitute for interpreting issues and events they may not fully comprehend |
| national party platform | A statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention |
| purpose of the platform | Every 4 years each party writes for the presidential nominating convention a lengthy platform explaining its positions on key issues |
| what happens to the promises and pledges | 2/3 have been completely or mostly implemented. 1/2 or more pledges pledges of losing party tend to find their way into public policy |
| "Golden Age" of ________ | political parties |
| what happened as the flow of immigrants slowed dramatically in the 20's? | Party organizations gradually shrank in many places |
| What has Tweed been praised for? | using his machine to aid he sick and unemployed and to fight for the rights of tenants and workers |
| What loosened the tie between party nominees and the party organization? | Championed by the progressive movement, direct primaries removed the power of nomination from party leaders and workers and it gave instead to a much broader and more independent electorate, thus loosening the tie b/w party nominees & the party org. |
| What happened to the Democratic-Republicans in 1800? | they took hold of presidency and Congress |
| What happened after the Whig Party became the Republican party and gained strength? | They won Presidency in 1860 |
| What contributed to the reduced party influence? Why? | Additional Progressive movement reforms such as th e civil service laws b/c of removed opportunities for much of the patronage used by parties to reward their followers |
| A weakening in the party system gave rise to ___________ | candidate and issue-oriented politics |
| What may encourage voters to ticket-split? | Issue-oriented politics |
| Last confirmed major realignment happened... | When Republican Herbert Hoover butchered economy and the support went out to Democrat FDR (Great Depression)<<Most voters immediately liked his policies, etc. |
| Proportional (representation) | A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party USED BY EUROPEANS |
| winner-take-all system | An electoral system where the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election US USES IT |
| importance of winner-take-all system | Encourages grouping of interests into as few parties as possible |
| contrast with countries that use proportional representation | Some claim that the US parties have no permanent positions, just permanent issue--winning elections |
| minor parties based on causes | In the US these parties are often neglected by the major parties and have significantly affected American Politics. |
| Join the debate: 3rd party: Good or bad for the American Political sys? Be familiar with pros and cons arguments for an essay question** | GO OVER |
| ideology and third parties??? | ??? |
| minor parties in congressional elections | Many minor party candidates run for congressional leadership positions, number of them increasing |
| when 3rd parties do best | Declining trust in the two major parties in the district is close |
| two major parties co-opt third party popular issues | Usually parties are eventually co-opted by one of the two major parties, each of them eager to take the politically popular issue that gave rise to the third party and make it theirs in order to secure the allegiance of the third party;s supporters |
| national committees | Made to make arrangements for the national conventions and to coordinate the subsequent presidential campaigns |
| congressional committees | national republican congressional committee -the congressional party caucuses in both houses organized their own national committees loosely allied with the DNC and RNC |
| 17th Amendment | both parties organized separate senate campaign committees |
| senate campaign committees | Deemed separate according to party in the 17th amendment |
| role of chairperson of the national committee | -Key national party official -Prime spokesperson for the party the 4 years b/w elections -called on to damp down factionalism -negotiate candidate dispute -prepare the machinery for the next presidential election MSTIMPRTNT RAISE FUNDS/KEEP PARTY ST |
| national convention | A party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform |
| TV coverage of national conventions | Recently TV networks cut back on convention air tie to little more than an hour a day -cable networks have more extensive coverage of the evenings speeches though little heard ovr commentary BUT ovr 39 million Americans watched Obama acceptant Speech |
| ultimate governing body for the party | Presidential nominating convention |
| parties based in | Not in Washington DC but in the states and localities |
| regulation of political parties | Left to the states -except for campaign financing |
| precinct | -Smallest voting unit -Usually takes in a few adjacent neighborhoods and is the fundamental building block of the party |
| precinct committee members | Foot soldiers of any party and their efforts are supplemented by party committees above them in th wards, cities, counties towns, villages, and congressional districts |
| state central (or exec. committee) | The state governing body supervising the precincts -members come from all major geographic units, as determined by and selected under state law |
| national party and state party organizations division of powers | State parties are free to act within the limits set by their state legislatures without interference from the national party, except in the selection and seating of presidential convention delegates |
| effectiveness of state and local parties | Although weaker, with respect to how they affect the national party, state and local parties have become significantly more effective over the past three decades in terms of putting their party out there |
| effect of Bipartisan campaign Reform Act | Effects relationship among nsl party committees. The new of new law, national party committees were able to transfer less money to state parties to be used for shared activities -didnt weaken state parties -slightly reduced nat. party influence |
| groups affiliated with the parties | -women -numerous college campus organizations -youth divisions -state governors |
| interest groups and associations DEMOCRATS | -labor unions -progressive political action committees (PACs) -teachers groups -African American groups -liberal women's groups -Americans for Democratic Action |
| think tanks | Institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas |
| soft money | The virtually unregulated money funneled through political parties for party-building purposes, such as GOTV efforts or issue ads. Banned aft. 2002 |
| hard money | Funds that can be used for direct electioneering but are limited and regulated by the Federal elections commission |
| network of donors | development of this helped parties raise so much money -highly successful mail solicitation lists (expanded to several million people) |
| technology and the REPUBLICANS | Republicans pioneered the use of interactive technologies to attract voters. Once identified names stored in "Voter Vault" database -"Micro-targeting" |
| what money is spent on | -technology -recruiting voters -winning elections |
| what is the convenience of having a coalition? | It eliminates the necessity of forming a new coalition for every campaign/issue |
| GOTV successful? | It has been an increasingly effective means of winning elections, helping to drive up the number of committed partisan voters going to the polls |
| What is the glue that holds together the diff. elements of the US gov. and political apparatus | parties |
| System that Framers designed | divides and subdivides power, making it possible to preserve individual liberty but difficult to coordinate and produce action in a timely fashion |
| Presidential candidates and presidents are incline to push policies _______ to those advocated by their party's _______________ | similar, congressional leaders |
| How may candidates be recruited for elections | -most self-recruited -some chose by parties |
| Party platform not only explains the party's policy preferences but also___________ | Argues argues why its preferences are superior to those of the rival party |
| Another word for "winner takes all"? | single-member plurality |
| Where may minor parties find their roots? | -sectionalism -economic protest -specific issues -ideology -appealing charismatic personalities -or combination of these |
| When minor-party for the House are most likely to emerge: | 1)House seat becomes open 2)A minor-party candidate has previously competed in the district 3)Partisan competition between the two major parties in the district is closed |
| name of the Democrat's/Republican's NC | Democratic National Committee/Republican National Committee |
| Selection of chairperson | -Although the chair is formally elected by the national committee they'er usually selected by sitting president or newly nominated presidential candidate whos accorded the right 2 name them for @ least the time of campaign |
| What does the chairperson balance? | the interests of all potential White House contenders STRICT NEUTRALITY EXPECTED FROM THEM |
| What does the chairperson plan? | the presidential nominating convention |
| What is the most publicized and vital event on the party's calender? | Presidential nominating convention |
| Majority of the party leadership is filled at the ______ levels | subnational |
| how many precincts in US? | Over 100,000 |
| With the BCRA how did states parties make up for lost money? | raising more money from individual donors, whose contributions limits were increased by BCRA |
| interest groups and associations REPUBLICANS | -Business PACs -The US chamber of commerce -fundamentalist Christian organizations -some anti-abortion groups |
| Who dominates the think tanks? | Republicans |
| Micro-targeting | with data obtained from growing vol. of census records/marketing firms republicans have used advanced com. models to identify potential GOP voters based on consumer preferences, habits, and past voting behaviors |
| GOP | The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party |
| Who is the Voter Vault shared with? | Republican individual campaigns whose volunteers contact voters by phone and personal visits -Allows campaigns to tailor their messages to individual voters |
| technology and the DEMOCRATS | Because Democrats were behind Republicans in tech, they decided they need new approach and created own computer models 4 centralized database identifying/mobilizing new Democratic voters. -This along w/ low approval rates for Bush>BIG Dem. victories 4 06 |
| political parties most visible in Congress | -Parties most visible/vital -Parties gathered separately -Majority party holds sway |
| Congressional party leadership | -Traditionally enforce a degree of discipline in their party members in various way |
| party discipline | -Majority leader can decide whether a members bill is given priority in the legislative agenda or will be dismissed with barely a hearing -Pork-barrel projects may be included or deleted during the appropriations process |
| senate majority leader??? | ??? WHAT IS THE DIFF B/W THIS AND PARTY DISCIPLINE? |
| limits to party action in Congress | A separate executive branch, bicameral power sharing, and the extraordinary decentralization |
| predictor of congressional voting | Party labels |
| reasons for recent growth of congressional party unity | -Both congressional parties have gradually become more ideologically homogeneous/internally consistent -Southern Democrats today are typically moderate or liberal like those in north -Most Repubs in Congress>Conservative -Partisan gerrymandering |
| significance of political party of the president | It is this that captures the public imagination and shapes the electorates opinion of the two parties -President's faults/successes are the party's faults/successes |
| contradictory roles of a president | Expected to bring the country together as ceremonial chief of state and also forge a ruling consensus as head of government, must also be an effective commander of a sometimes divided party |
| advantages party leadership brings a president | A party's ability tot mobilize support among voters for a presidents program. Also the executives legislative agenda might be derailed more quickly without a shared party label uniting the chief executive an many members of Congress |
| party affiliation influence on judicial decision | party affiliation is a moderately good predictor of judicial decision in some areas |
| ideology and presidential appointments to federal courts | Presidents tend to appoint to court individuals that share the same ideology |
| partisanship and elected judges as opposed to appointed judges | Elected judges tend to be more partisan than those appointed |
| governors | In many states they have a greater influence over their parties organization and legislators than do presidents -many states let gov. select party committee leaders locally -MORE PATRONAGE AT THEIR COMMAND |
| significance of line-item veto for governor | 41 governors possess this power -governors may veto single items in appropriations bills |
| parties and state legislatures | Parties have significant legislative influence at the state level. Many state legislature surpasses Congress in unity Compared w/ congress, state legislative leaders have more authority and power |
| the state with a nonpartisan legislature (This state has a unicameral legislature) | Nebraska |
| party-in-the-electorate | the mass of potential voters who identify with a party label |
| loyalty generated by party label | fewer voters declaring loyalty to party |
| single greatest influence in establishing a person's first party identification | parents |
| things that influence party identity | -marriage -economic status -other aspects of adult life -charismatic political personalities -cataclysmic events -hot-button social issues |
| gender | -diff b/w men and women started in 20's when women vote mostly republican -Now men take up most of the republican vote -Women's socially liberal support causes much of this gap -Democrats have troubles attracting males |
| race and ethnicity | -Blacks are the most dramatically split population subgroup in party terms -50%+ are Democrats |
| separation of blacks and whites | -Blacks more liberal, whites more conservative -Religious beliefs have blacks voting more socially conservative |
| Hispanics | -Prefer Democratic Party -Except for Cubans whose anti-Fidel attitude has them more Republicanized -Republicans had Hispanics, but when passing illegal immigrant laws, lost them to the more liberal Democrats |
| age | Depends on when you grew up (i.e. those who grew up in the GD are Democrats -Reagan years: Republicans -Youngest and oldest voters are now Democrats -Middle-aged: Republicans |
| Social and Economic Factors | Occupation, income, and education also influence ones party affiliation -Upper Class are mostly republicans -Middle/lower-class are mostly Democrats |
| religion | Non-Catholic Christians-Republicans Catholics/Jews--Democrats (changing) |
| marital status | Married-Conservative>GOP Single People (never married)>Democrats Widowed>Democrats Divorced and separated more liberal |
| dealignment | A general decline in party identification and loyalty in the electorate |
| rise of independents | Rise of independents peaked at 40% in 2000 before 50s they were much fewer shows weakening party attachment |
| change in attitudes about political parties and their role in society | Democrats/Republicans are about equal in number with 1/3 of the population each independent leaners side more with 1 party PERSONALITY POLITICS HAS IDEAS OF POLICIES VARYING BASED ON SPECIFICS |
| reasons for anti-party attitudes today | -Not hard to find:Issue-oriented |
| has the decline of the parties been exaggerated? | Yes, look at strengths for instance |
| The 5 strengths of parties in the broad sweep of American parties: | 1) Political parties reliable vehicles 4 representative democracy participation 2)The Party has survived trials of history 3)Voters mood provide longevity/competition 4)partisan gov. stronger thn ever 5) History shows developement of parties inevitabl |
| The real strength of the Democratic party | the number of party activists |
| Pork-Barrel Projects | Governmental projects yielding rich patronage benefits that sustain many a legislator's electoral survival |
| What system may make legislators indebted to wealthy individuals and nonparty interest groups | the election financing |
| Presidents appeal to Congress | -All presidents appeal for some congressional support on the basis of shared party affiliation and generally recieve it |
| Every state's ________ mirrors the national party _________ | two party system mirrors the national dualism (democrats or republicans) |
| party identification | A citizens personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by tendency to vote for candidate of that party |
| Geographic Parties: SOUTH | competitive 2 party region due to civil war separation -but democrats still outdo republicans |
| Party those with college educations prefer | Republicans |
| Party those with advanced degrees prefer | Democrats |
| Evangelical Party Affiliation | somewhat less Republican than commonly believed, GOP usually has just a 10% edge among them primarily because so many Blacks (pro-democratic) are members of this group |
Created by:
Ylimeli