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research methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alternative explanation | Part of causal inference; a potential alternative cause of an observed relationship between variables. |
| autonomy (Belmont Report) | Principle that individuals in research investigations are capable of making a decision of whether to participate. |
| beneficence (Belmont Report) | Principle that research should have beneficial effects while minimizing any harmful effects. |
| concurrent validity | The construct validity of a measure is assessed by examining whether groups of people differ on the measure in expected ways. |
| confounding | An uncontrolled variable varies systematically with an independent variable; it.is impossible to separate the effect of the independent variable from the confounding interval. |
| confounding variable | A variable that is not controlled in a research investigation. In an experiment, the experimental groups differ on both the independent variable and the confounding variable. |
| construct validity | The degree to which a measurement device accurately measures the theoretical construct it is designed to measure. |
| convergent validity | The construct validity of a measure is assessed by examining the extent to which scores on the measure are related to scores on other measures of the same construct or similar constructs. |
| correlation coefficient | An index of how strongly two variables are related to each other. |
| covariation of cause and effect | Part of causal inference; observing that a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in a second variable. |
| criterion-oriented validity | Techniques for determining construct validity that rely on assessing the relationship between scores on the measure and a criterion or outcome. |
| cronbach's alpha | An indicator of internal consistency reliability assessed by examining the average correlation of each item (question) in a measure with every other question. |
| curvilinear relationship | A relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by both increases and decreases in the values of the second variable. |
| debriefing | Explanation of the purposes of the research that is given to subjects following their participation in the research. |
| dependent variable | The variable that is the subject's response to, and dependent on, the level of the manipulated independent variable. |
| discriminant validity | The construct validity of a measure is assessed by examining the extent to which scores on the measure are not related to scores on conceptually unrelated measures. |
| empiricism | Use of objective observations to answer a question about the nature of behavior. |
| experimental method | A method of determining whether variables are related in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable and controls all other variables either by randomization or by direct experimental control. |
| external validity | The degree to which the results of an experiment may be generalized. |
| face validity | The degree to which a measurement device appears to accurately measure a variable. |
| field experiment | An experiment that is conducted in a natural setting rather than a laboratory setting. |
| hypothesis | A statement that makes an assertion about what is true in a particular situation; often, a statement asserting that two or more variables are related to one another. |
| independent variable | The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable. |
| informed consent | In research ethics, the principle that participants in an experiment be informed in advance of all aspects of the research that might influence their decision to participate. |
| internal consistency reliability | Reliability assessed with data collected at one point in time with multiple measures of a psychological construct. A measure is reliable when the multiple measures provide similar results. |
| internal validity | The certainty with which results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable. |
| interrater reliability | An indicator of reliability that examines the agreement of observations made by two or more raters (judges). |
| interval scale | A scale of measurement in which the intervals between numbers on the scale are all equal in size. |
| justice (Belmont Report) | Principle that all individuals and groups should have fair and equal access to the benefits of research participation as well as potential risks of research participation. |
| measurement error | The degree to which a measurement deviates from the true score value. |
| negative linear relationship | A relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the second variable. |
| nominal scale | A scale of measurement with two or more categories that have no numerical (less than, greater than) properties. |
| nonexperimental method | Use of measurement of variables to determine whether variables are related to one another. Also called correlational method. |
| operational definition | Definition of a concept that specifies the operation used to measure or manipulate the concept. |
| ordinal scale | A scale of measurement in which the measurement categories form a rank order along a continuum. |
| pearson product-moment correlation coefficient | A type of correlation coefficient used with interval and ratio scale data. In addition to providing information on the strength of relationship between two variables, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient indicates the direction (positive or |
| positive linear relationship | A relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable. |
| prediction | A statement that makes an assertion concerning what will occur in a particular research investigation. |
| predictive validity | The construct validity of a measure is assessed by examining the ability of the measure to predict a future behavior. |
| randomization | Controlling for the effects of extraneous variables by ensuring that the variables operate in a manner determined entirely by chance. |
| ratio scale | A scale of measurement in which there is an absolute zero point, indicating an absence of the variable being measured. An implication is that ratios of numbers on the scale can be formed (generally, these are physical measures such as weight or timed meas |
| reactivity | A problem of measurement in which the measure changes the behavior being observed. |
| reliability | The degree to which a measure is consistent. |
| role-playing | A procedure for studying behavior in which individuals are asked to indicate how they would respond to a given situation rather than being observed in action in the situation. |
| split-half reliability | A reliability coefficient determined by the correlation between scores on the first half of the items on a measure with scores on the second half of a measure. |
| temporal precedence | Part of causal inference; the cause precedes the effect in a time sequence. |
| test-retest reliability | A reliability coefficient determined by the correlation between scores on a measure given at one time with scores on the same measure given at a later time. |
| true score | An individual's actual score on a variable being measured, as opposed to the score the individual obtained on the measure itself. |
| variable | Any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that varies-that is, has at least two values. |
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roxypiomp2828