Question 1

drug

Accepted Answer

any chemical that can affect the living process - all chemicals fall into this category

Question 2

pharmacology

Accepted Answer

study of drugs and their actions with living systems

Question 3

clinical pharmacology

Accepted Answer

study of drugs in humans, both patients and in healthy volunteers

Question 4

therapeutics

Accepted Answer

use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease, or prevent pregnancy. or use of medical drugs

Question 5

3 most important characteristics that any drug can have

Accepted Answer

effectiveness, safety, selectivity

Question 6

effectiveness

Accepted Answer

elicits response for which is given - most important property a drug can have

Question 7

safety

Accepted Answer

safe drug that cannot produce harmful effects - even if administered in very high doses for a very long time. no such thing as a safe drug

Question 8

selectivity

Accepted Answer

elicits only the response for which it is given - no such thing as selective drug, all drugs produce side effects

Question 9

reversible action

Accepted Answer

drug actions to subside within an appropriate time

Question 10

predictability

Accepted Answer

would be very help if we knew how a given patient will respond. predictions cannot be guaranteed, must tailor therapy to the individual

Question 11

ease of administration

Accepted Answer

simple to administer, convenient route

Question 12

freedom from drug interaction

Accepted Answer

when taking two or more drugs, those drugs can interact

Question 13

low cost

Accepted Answer

easy to afford

Question 14

chemical stability

Accepted Answer

ideal drug would have a long shelf-life

Question 15

simple generic name

Accepted Answer

drug name that is easy to pronounce and recall

Question 16

therapeutic objective

Accepted Answer

provide maximum benefit with minimum harm

Question 17

factors that determine the intensity of drug responses

Accepted Answer

administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics

Question 18

administration

Accepted Answer

dosage size and the route and timing are important determinants of drug responses

Question 19

pharmacokinetics

Accepted Answer

drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion

Question 20

pharmacodynamics

Accepted Answer

impact of drugs on the body

Question 21

generic drug or nonproprietary name

Accepted Answer

assigned by US adopted names council, or nonproprietary or US adoptive name, less complex than chem names but more complex than trade names

Question 22

trade or proprietary name

Accepted Answer

names which a drug is marketed, with intention that they will be easy for nurses, md, etc to recall and pronounce, must be approved by fda

Question 23

functional or class drug name

Accepted Answer

classified in two ways: pharmacologic family ( beta-adrenergic blockers) and therapeutic family (drugs for angina pectoris, drugs for hiv infection)

Question 24

controlled substances act of 1970

Accepted Answer

set rules for the manufacture and distribution of drugs considered to have the potential for abuse and defines the 5 categories of substances - schedule, I, II, III, IV, V

Question 25

schedule I

Accepted Answer

no accepted medical use in US and are deemed to have high potential for abuse. heroin, mescaline, lsd

Question 26

schedule II

Accepted Answer

drugs must be typed or filled-out by prescriber. opiods - codeine, psychostimulants - amphetamine, barbiturates - amobarbital

Question 27

schedule III

Accepted Answer

precription may be oral or written. opioids - hydrocodone, stimulants - aprobarbital, anabolic steroids - testosterone

Question 28

schedule IV

Accepted Answer

has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III, has a currently accepted medical use, Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence

Question 29

schedule V

Accepted Answer

has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV, The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment.

Question 30

study of drugs in humans

Accepted Answer

clinical pharmacology

Question 31

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems is the definition of

Accepted Answer

pharmacology

Question 32

therapeutics or pharmacotherapeutics

Accepted Answer

is defined as the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease to prevent pregnancy

Question 33

any chemical that can affect living processes is a

Accepted Answer

drug

Question 34

three most important characteristics that any drug can have are

Accepted Answer

effectiveness, safety, selectivity

Question 35

pharmakon

Accepted Answer

drug or poison

Question 36

antibacterial effects of tetracycline are reduced by

Accepted Answer

dairy, antacids, or iron

Question 37

objective of drug therapy is to provide

Accepted Answer

max benefit with min harm

Question 38

four major pharmacokinetic processes are

Accepted Answer

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 39

pharmacodynamics may be thought of as

Accepted Answer

study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it

Question 40

six rights of drug administration

Accepted Answer

drug, patient, dose, route, time, and documantation

Question 41

most likely member of the healthcare team to observe and evaluate drug responses

Accepted Answer

the nurse

Question 42

3 basic goals of pre-administration assessment of medications are

Accepted Answer

baseline data, ID high risk patients, assess patients capacity for self care

Question 43

important predisposing factors in ID of high-risk patients are

Accepted Answer

pathophysiology, genetic, drug allergies, pregnancy, old age, and extreme youth

Question 44

Certain drugs have more than one indication, and the dosage may differ depending on the indication for which the drug is used. Aspirin is given in low doses to ____________ and in high doses to __________?

Accepted Answer

relieve pain, suppress inflamation

Question 45

Measures to reduce adverse effects of medication administration include _______________, ___________________, and?

Accepted Answer

ID high risk pts, pt education, and causes of adverse effects

Question 46

Patients taking insulin therapy should be taught that early signs of hypoglycemia include __________ and?

Accepted Answer

sweating, increased HR

Question 47

A _____can be defined as a preexisting condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening?

Accepted Answer

contraindication

Question 48

Among geriatric patients, the most common cause of failed self-medication is?

Accepted Answer

drug was not needed in dosage prescribed

Question 49

A harmless side effect of rifampin is?

Accepted Answer

loss of appetite, HA

Question 50

The first legislation to regulate drug safety passed in 1938 was the?

Accepted Answer

food, drug, and cosmetic act

Question 51

In 1962, Congress passed the___in response to the thalidomide tragedy that occurred in Europe in the early 1960s.

Accepted Answer

harris-kefauver amendments

Question 52

The first American law to regulate drugs was the?

Accepted Answer

federal pure food and drug act of 1906

Question 53

In the early 1960s, thalidomide was widely used by pregnant women, and thousands of infants were born with____, a rare birth defect characterized by the gross malformation or complete absence of arms or legs.

Accepted Answer

phocomelia

Question 54

Under conditions of the Controlled Substance Act, Schedule I drugs have

Accepted Answer

no accepted medical use in the us and deemed to have high potential for abuse - heroin, mesculine, LSD

Question 55

In the United States, the estimated cost of developing a new drug can exceed _ and require____to _____ years for completion.

Accepted Answer

800 million, 6 to 12 years

Question 56

are the most reliable way to objectively assess drug therapies?

Accepted Answer

RCT's or randomized controlled trials

Question 57

Phase I drug trials are usually conducted in ___________, whereas Phase II and Phase III trials are tested in?

Accepted Answer

healthy volunteers, patients

Question 58

The ___constitutes a description of a drug using the nomenclature of chemistry. The ____is assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names Council, and the_____, __, or __ are names under which a drug is marketed

Accepted Answer

Chemical name, generic, tradename, proprietary or brandname

Question 59

Drugs that can be purchased without a prescription are referred to as?

Accepted Answer

OTC

Question 60

is the study of drug movement through the body?

Accepted Answer

pharmacokinetics

Question 61

In order for a drug to directly penetrate membranes, it must be?

Accepted Answer

lipid soluable

Question 62

Factors that affect drug absorption include?

Accepted Answer

rate of dissolution, surface area, bloodflow, lipid solubility, ph partitioning

Question 63

consist of drugs that have been covered with a material designed to dissolve in the intestine but not the stomach?

Accepted Answer

enteric coating

Question 64

most drug metabolism takes place in the?`

Accepted Answer

liver

Question	Answer
drug	any chemical that can affect the living process - all chemicals fall into this category
pharmacology	study of drugs and their actions with living systems
clinical pharmacology	study of drugs in humans, both patients and in healthy volunteers
therapeutics	use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease, or prevent pregnancy. or use of medical drugs
3 most important characteristics that any drug can have	effectiveness, safety, selectivity
effectiveness	elicits response for which is given - most important property a drug can have
safety	safe drug that cannot produce harmful effects - even if administered in very high doses for a very long time. no such thing as a safe drug
selectivity	elicits only the response for which it is given - no such thing as selective drug, all drugs produce side effects
reversible action	drug actions to subside within an appropriate time
predictability	would be very help if we knew how a given patient will respond. predictions cannot be guaranteed, must tailor therapy to the individual
ease of administration	simple to administer, convenient route
freedom from drug interaction	when taking two or more drugs, those drugs can interact
low cost	easy to afford
chemical stability	ideal drug would have a long shelf-life
simple generic name	drug name that is easy to pronounce and recall
therapeutic objective	provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
factors that determine the intensity of drug responses	administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
administration	dosage size and the route and timing are important determinants of drug responses
pharmacokinetics	drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion
pharmacodynamics	impact of drugs on the body
generic drug or nonproprietary name	assigned by US adopted names council, or nonproprietary or US adoptive name, less complex than chem names but more complex than trade names
trade or proprietary name	names which a drug is marketed, with intention that they will be easy for nurses, md, etc to recall and pronounce, must be approved by fda
functional or class drug name	classified in two ways: pharmacologic family ( beta-adrenergic blockers) and therapeutic family (drugs for angina pectoris, drugs for hiv infection)
Legal drug description
controlled substances act of 1970	set rules for the manufacture and distribution of drugs considered to have the potential for abuse and defines the 5 categories of substances - schedule, I, II, III, IV, V
schedule I	no accepted medical use in US and are deemed to have high potential for abuse. heroin, mescaline, lsd
schedule II	drugs must be typed or filled-out by prescriber. opiods - codeine, psychostimulants - amphetamine, barbiturates - amobarbital
schedule III	precription may be oral or written. opioids - hydrocodone, stimulants - aprobarbital, anabolic steroids - testosterone
schedule IV	has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III, has a currently accepted medical use, Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence
schedule V	has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV, The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment.
study of drugs in humans	clinical pharmacology
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems is the definition of	pharmacology
therapeutics or pharmacotherapeutics	is defined as the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease to prevent pregnancy
any chemical that can affect living processes is a	drug
three most important characteristics that any drug can have are	effectiveness, safety, selectivity
pharmakon	drug or poison
antibacterial effects of tetracycline are reduced by	dairy, antacids, or iron
objective of drug therapy is to provide	max benefit with min harm
four major pharmacokinetic processes are	absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
pharmacodynamics may be thought of as	study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it
six rights of drug administration	drug, patient, dose, route, time, and documantation
most likely member of the healthcare team to observe and evaluate drug responses	the nurse
3 basic goals of pre-administration assessment of medications are	baseline data, ID high risk patients, assess patients capacity for self care
important predisposing factors in ID of high-risk patients are	pathophysiology, genetic, drug allergies, pregnancy, old age, and extreme youth
Certain drugs have more than one indication, and the dosage may differ depending on the indication for which the drug is used. Aspirin is given in low doses to ____________ and in high doses to __________?	relieve pain, suppress inflamation
Measures to reduce adverse effects of medication administration include _______________, ___________________, and?	ID high risk pts, pt education, and causes of adverse effects
Patients taking insulin therapy should be taught that early signs of hypoglycemia include __________ and?	sweating, increased HR
A _____can be defined as a preexisting condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening?	contraindication
Among geriatric patients, the most common cause of failed self-medication is?	drug was not needed in dosage prescribed
A harmless side effect of rifampin is?	loss of appetite, HA
The first legislation to regulate drug safety passed in 1938 was the?	food, drug, and cosmetic act
In 1962, Congress passed the___in response to the thalidomide tragedy that occurred in Europe in the early 1960s.	harris-kefauver amendments
The first American law to regulate drugs was the?	federal pure food and drug act of 1906
In the early 1960s, thalidomide was widely used by pregnant women, and thousands of infants were born with____, a rare birth defect characterized by the gross malformation or complete absence of arms or legs.	phocomelia
Under conditions of the Controlled Substance Act, Schedule I drugs have	no accepted medical use in the us and deemed to have high potential for abuse - heroin, mesculine, LSD
In the United States, the estimated cost of developing a new drug can exceed _ and require____to _____ years for completion.	800 million, 6 to 12 years
are the most reliable way to objectively assess drug therapies?	RCT's or randomized controlled trials
Phase I drug trials are usually conducted in ___________, whereas Phase II and Phase III trials are tested in?	healthy volunteers, patients
The ___constitutes a description of a drug using the nomenclature of chemistry. The ____is assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names Council, and the_____, __, or __ are names under which a drug is marketed	Chemical name, generic, tradename, proprietary or brandname
Drugs that can be purchased without a prescription are referred to as?	OTC
is the study of drug movement through the body?	pharmacokinetics
In order for a drug to directly penetrate membranes, it must be?	lipid soluable
Factors that affect drug absorption include?	rate of dissolution, surface area, bloodflow, lipid solubility, ph partitioning
consist of drugs that have been covered with a material designed to dissolve in the intestine but not the stomach?	enteric coating
most drug metabolism takes place in the?`	liver
Nonrenal routes of drug excretion include?	bile, lungs, sweat, saliva, breast milk, feces
Three procedures that can be used to reduce fluctuations in drug levels are?	continuous infusion, depot preparation, reduce size and dose and dosing interval
The therapeutic range of a drug lies between the____and____?	MEC or minimum effective concentration, toxic concentration
the____account for the majority of drug excretion?	kidneys
oral administration is	easy, convenient, inexpensive
is defined as the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced?	pharmacodynamics
largest effect a drug can produce is called the	maximal efficacy
refers to the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect	potency
is any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects?	receptor
The function of the transcription factors is to?	regulate protein synthesis
The modified theory ascribes two qualities to drugs: affinity and intrinsic activity. Affinity refers to the____, and intrinsic activity refers to?	strength, ability to activate a receptor upon binding
Drugs that mimic the body’s own regulatory molecules are called __, and drugs that block the actions of endogenous regulators are called?	agonists, antagonist
When the receptors of a cell are continually exposed to an agonist, the cell usually becomes less responsive; the cell is said to be ___or __or to have undergone___?	desensitized, refractory, down regulation
The four primary families of receptors are?	cell membrane-embedded enzymes, ligand-gated ion channels, g protein-coupled receptor systems, transcription
The therapeutic index, determined using laboratory animals, is defined as?	measure of drugs safety
Patients receiving both halothane and succinylcholine may develop?	malignant hyperthermia
When two drugs interact, there are three possible outcomes?	1. one drug intensifies effects of other. 2. reduces effects of other 3. combo produce new response not seen with either drug alone
When a patient is taking two medications and one drug may intensify the effects of the other, the interaction is termed?	potentiative
Interactions that result in reduced drug effects are often termed?	inhibitory
Direct interactions are most commonly found when drugs are combined?	in IV solutions
Interactions are especially important for drugs that have a___therapeutic index.	low or small
Some foods cause decreased absorption of drugs. Absorption of digoxin is significantly reduced by?	wheat bran, rolled oats, sunflower seeds
The most dramatic example of drug-food interactions that sometimes increase toxicity is the interaction between?	monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tyramine rich foods
Grapefruit juice raises drug levels mainly by inhibiting?	metabolism
When grapefruit juice is consumed on a regular basis, inhibition can persist up to how long after the last glass?	3 days
Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses is defined by the World Health Organization as?	adverse drug reaction, or ADR
Among the more mild adverse drug reactions are?	drowsiness, nausea, itching, and rash
Severe adverse drug reactions include?	depression, neutropenia, hepatocellular injury, anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, or death
a side effect is defined as?	nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced by therapeutic doses
is an adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing?	toxicity
Most serious reactions are caused by just one drug family?	penicillins
Other drugs are noted for causing allergic reactions include the __and the ___of compounds?	NSAIDS, Sulfonamide group
An uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition is called?	idiosyncratic
which term is used to denote a disease produced by drugs?	iatrogenic disease
A state in which the body has adapted to prolonged drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued is known as?	physical dependence
Drug-induced birth defects are referred to as?	teratogenic
The patient’s last line of defense against medication errors made by others is the?	Nurse
Dosage adjustments based on which method provide a more precise means of controlling drug responses than do adjustments based on weight alone?	surface area
Drug sensitivity varies with age. In_____heightened drug sensitivity is the result of?	very young, organ immaturity
In the___heightened sensitivity results largely from?	elderly, organ degeneration
Why do we not know much about gender-related differences in drug therapy?	drug research only done on men
Perhaps the most important example of an altered drug effect occurring in response to electrolyte imbalance involves digoxin and?	potassium levels, when depressed - induced dysrhythmias
Decreased responsiveness to a drug, as a result of repeated drug administration, is called?	tolerance
The type of tolerance associated with long-term administration of drugs such as morphine and heroin is?	pharmacodynamic
A form of tolerance that can be defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time is called?	tachyphylaxis
is defined as that component of a drug response that is caused by psychologic factors and not by the biochemical or physiologic properties of the drug?	placebo effect
refers to the ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration?	bioavailablity
Is the study of how genes affect individual drug responses?	pharmacogenomics
By the third trimester, renal blood flow in the pregnant woman has?	doubled, causing a large increase in glomerular filtration rate
	False, all drugs can closs
The effect of a teratogen is highly dependent on?	when the drug is given
Symptoms of withdrawal syndrome in the infant include?	shrill crying, vomiting, extreme irritability
Of the genetically based anomalies,which is the most common?	down syndrome
Gross malformations are produced by exposure to teratogens during the?	embryonic period
Teratogen exposure during which period usually disrupts the function rather than gross anatomy?	fetal period
to produce a monster	teratogen
which teratogen is an estrogenic substance that causes vaginal cancer in female offspring 18 or so years after birth?	diethylstolbestol
which category are the most dangerous drugs and known to cause human fetal harm?	category X
One criterion to prove that a drug is a teratogen is the drug must cause a?	characteristic set of malformations
Which drugs are able to enter breast milk readily?	lipid soluble
Drug sensitivity in the very young results largely from?	organ system immaturity
Drug sensitivity in the elderly results largely from?	organ system degeneration
The pediatric age group includes all patients younger than?	age 16
Premature infants?	less than 36 weeks
Full-term infants	36 to 40 weeks
Neonates	1st 4 postnatal weeks
infants	weeks 5-52 postnatal
children	1-12 years
adolescents	12-16 years
Pediatric drug therapy is difficult because of?	insufficient drug information
Gastric acidity does not reach adult values until which years?	2 years old
How do drugs affect the blood-brain barrier of the infant?	its not developed at birth, easy access to CNS
Complete maturation of the liver is accomplished by age?	1 year
Adult levels of renal function are achieved by age?	1 year
In the pediatric population, adverse drug reactions to fluoroquinolones may cause?	tendon rupture
pediatric population, adverse drug reactions to nalidixic acid may cause?	cartilage erosion
Although pharmacokinetically similar to adults, children do differ in one important way: They metabolize drugs?	faster than adults
The method of conversion of adult dosages of drugs to pediatric dosages of drugs used most commonly is based on?	surface area
The principles underlying complication to drug therapy in the elderly include?	poor adherence, multi drug therapy, multi severe illnesses, altered pharmacokinetics
Altered absorption of drugs in the elderly may result in?	delayed drug response
The four major factors that can alter drug distribution in the elderly include?	increase % body fat, decrease % in lean body mass, decrease in total body water, decrease concentration of serum albumin
Because of reduced _____levels, protein binding of drugs decreases, causing level of?	albumin, free drug to rise
The most important cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly is?	accumulation secondary to reduce renal excretions
In the elderly, the proper index of renal function is?	creatinine clearance
Adverse drug reactions are how many times more common in the elderly than in younger adults.	7 times more common
Factors underlying the increase in adverse reactions in the geriatric population include?	decreased renal function, polypharmacy, increase severity of illness, multi pathologies, drugs that have a low therapeutic index, altered pharmacokinetics, inadequate supervision of long term therapy, poor patient adherence
Identifies drugs with a high likelihood of causing adverse effects in the elderly?	beers list
which percent or more of elderly patients fail to take their medications as prescribed.	as many as 40%

Pharmacology first

Exam 1

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