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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define stress | A force that acts on the rock to change its shape/volume. |
| Define tension | Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
| Define compression | Stress that squeezes rock until it folds/breaks. |
| Define shearing | Stress that pushes masses of rock. |
| Define normal fault | A fault in which one part of the rock is above another part and slips downward when movement occurs. |
| Define hanging wall | The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault. |
| Define footwall | The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault. |
| Define reverse fault | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward. |
| Define strike-slip fault | A type of fault where rocks on either side move past sideways with little up-or-down motion. |
| Define anticline | An upward fold in rock formed be compression in Earths crust. |
| Define syncline | A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earths crust. |
| Define plateau | A landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface. |
| Define the term that refers to force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. | stress |
| List three types of stress that occur in Earths crust. | a)tension b)compression c)shearing |
| what does tension do and what is the effect? | It pulls on the crust and the rock becomes thinner in the middle. |
| What does compression do and what is the effect? | It squeezes the rock and causes it to fold or break. |
| What does shearing do and what is the effect? | It pushes the rock in two different directions and it causes it to break slip apart or change its shape. |
| Which type of stress causes the crust to become thinner? | Tension, because it pulls on the crust. |
| What is a break in Earth's crust? | A fault |
| What is the description of a strike-slip fault? | There is little up or down motion. |
| What is the description of a normal fault? | The hanging wall slips downward below the footwall. |
| What is the description of a reverse fault? | The hanging wall slides up and over the footwall. |
| True/False- A strike slip fault that forms the boundary between two plates is called a convergent boundary. | false |
| What is true about both normal and reverse faults? | a)The faults are at an angle b)The faults have footwalls |
| What is true about a hanging wall? | a)It slips downward when movement occurs along a normal fault. b)It occurs when the fault is at an angle |
| San Andreas Fault | Strike-slip fault |
| Rio Grande rift valley | Normal fault |
| Rocky Mountains | Reverse fault |
| Anticline | Fold in rock that bends upward |
| Syncline | Fold in rock that bends downward |
| Folded mountains | Parallel ridges and valleys |
| What describes how a fault block mountain is created? | It is created by two normal faults |
| Which mountain ranges were caused by folding? | Alps Himalayas Appalachian |
| What is a plateau? | A plateau is a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. |
| what is focus? | The point at which a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake. |
| what is an epicenter? | The point on the surface directly above the focus. |
| What are seismic waves? | Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through earth carrying the energy released during the earthquake. |
| True or false? Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake away from the focus in all directions. | True |
| What are the categories of seismic waves? | P wave S wave and surface waves |
| P wave | Causes buildings to contract and expand |
| S wave | shakes buildings violently |
| Surface waves | shakes buildings from side to side |
| seismograph | A device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves. |
| List three scales used for measuring earthquakes. | a)mercalli scale b)Richter scale c)moment magnitude scale |
| what is a mercalli scale? | has 12 steps to determine the level of damage at a given place. |
| what is a richter scale? | uses an earthquakes magnitude. A magnitude is a # assigned by geologists to earthquake based on size. |
| What is a moment magnitude scale? | rating scale that estimates the total energy released by the earthquake. |
| True or false? The closer an earthquake, the greater the time between the arrival of p waves and the arrival of s waves. | false |
| What does the center of each epicenter circle represent? | The center of each circle is a particular seismographs location. |
| What does the radius of each circle represent? | The radius of each circle is the distance from that seismograph to the epicenter |
| After an earthquake, in what order are the different types of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph? | P waves, S waves, then surface waves |
| List four instruments that geologists use to monitor movements along faults. | Tiltmeters creep meters Laser-ranging devices Gps satellites |
| Creep meter | measures movement along a slip strike fault |
| laser ranging device | detects changes in distance to a reflector |
| tiltmeter | works like a carpenters level |
| gps satellite | uses a network of earths orbiting satellites |
| what is a device that bounches laser beams off a reflector to detect fault movements? | Laser ranging devices |
| a device that measures tiny movements of markers set up on the opposite sides of a fault is... | a GPS satellite |
| How do seismic waves encounter a fault? | the waves are reflected off the fault |
| how do data from the movements of seismic waves help geologists determine the earthquake risk for an area? | Knowing the location of hidden faults, help scientist determine the earthquake risk for the area. |
| the force that opposes the motion of one furface as it moves across another surface is referred to as... | friction |
| true/false geologists can predict accurately where and when an earthquake will strike. | false |
| what two factors do geologists take into account when they determine earthquake rish? | geologists can determine earthquake risk by locating where faults are active and where past quakes have accured. |
| where is the highest risk of earthquakes in the us | along the pacific |
| a device that bounces laser beams off a reflerctor to detect fault movements is | a laser ranging devices |
| a device that measures tiny movements of markers set up on the opposite sides of a fault is an | gps satellites |
| how do seismic waves behave whenn they encounter a fault | when seismic waves encounter a fault, the waves are reflected off the fault |
| how do the data from the movements of seismic waves help geologists determine the earthquake risk for an area | knowing the location of hidden faults, help scientest determine the earthquake risk for the area |
| the force that oppose the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface is referred to as | friction |
| geologists can predic accurately where and when an earthquake will strike | false |
| what kinds of damage are cause by the severe shaking of an earthquake | cause of earthquake damage include shaking, liquefaction, aftershocks, and tsunamis. |
| what determines where and how much the ground shakes | the types of rock and soil determine where and how much the ground shakes. |
| a house built on solid rock will shake more during an earthquake than a house built on sandy soil | false |
| the process in which an earthquake's violent shaking turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud is called? | liquefaction |
| soft soil is due to | moisture |
| an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area is reffered to as | aftershock |
| large ocean waves usually caused by strong earthquakes below the ocean floor are called | tsunamies |
| what is the main danger to people during an earthquake | falling objects and flying glass |
| if no desk or table is available, you should crouch against an outside wall | false |
| if you are outdoors during an earthquake, you should move under a tree or building | false |
| how can tall furniture be prevented from tipping over in an earthquake | fasten them to the wall studs. |
| the shaking and trembling of earths crust | earthquake |
| a fold in a rock that bends downward | syncline |
| a stress force that squeezes rock | compression |
| a large area of elevated flat land | plateau |
| a force that changes a rocks shape or volume | stress |
| an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area | aftershock |
| large wave cause by earthquakes on the ocean floor | tsunami |
| stress that pushes rock in opposite directions | shearing |
| a fold in rock that bens upward | anticiline |
| occurs when an earthquake turns soil into liquid mud | liqufaction |
| the half of a fault that lies below | footwall |
| an instrument that records ground movements cause by seismice waves | seismograph |
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