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Pulmonary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| structure that delivers air to the bronchi | trachea |
| pulmonary capillaries partially surround these grapelike structures | alveoli |
| structure that delivers oxygen to the alveoli | bronchioles |
| lung structure concerned with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide | alveoli |
| where is the apex located? | the upper part of the lungs |
| trachea branches into these large structures | primary bronchi |
| where is the base of the lung located | the bottom of the lungs |
| grapelike structures that contain surfactants | alveoli |
| windpipe; kept open by rings of cartilage | trachea |
| large tubes that deliver air to the bronchioles | primary bronchi |
| a combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume; about 4600 ml | vital capacity |
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume; about 1200ml; this air cannot be exhaled | residual volume |
| an instrument that measures pulmonary volumes | spirometer |
| the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath; the average is 500ml | tidal volume |
| the amount of air you can inhale after a normal inhalation; about 3000ml | inspiratory reserve volume |
| a pulmonary capacity that is the maximal amount of air exhaled following maximal inhalation | vital capacity |
| the volume of air you move during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume |
| the air that remains in the conducting spaces of the respiratory tract; it is unavailable for exchange | dead air |
| the following are instructions for its use: "take the deepest breath possible. Exhale all the air you possibly can into this tube." | spirometer |
| What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for both men and women in the US? | lung cancer |
| What three tests are used to diagnose TB? | Chest x-ray, Mantoux, Sputum culture |
| during inspiration the intercostal muscles do what? | contract |
| during expiration the intercostal muscles do what? | relax |
| Which side of the lungs only has an upper and lower lobe? | the left lung |
| a positive ______ reaction indicates the possibility of active or dormant tuberculosis or exposure to the disease | mantoux |
| _____ is a noninvasive method of evaluating the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, as well as the pulse rate | pulse oximetry |
| what are the 2 primary functions of the pulmonary system? | to exchange oxygen from the atmosphere for carbon dioxide waste; to maintain acid-base balance within the body |
| external respiration | brings oxygen into the lungs, where carbon dioxide exchange occurs in the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli |
| internal respiration | oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide at the cellular level |
| respiratory acidosis | when the patient experiences hypoventilation and carbon dioxide levels increase in the body causing hypercapnia |
| respiratory alkalosis | is related to an excess release of carbon dioxide caused by hyperventilation-may also be associated with anxiety or an acute asthma attack |
| the respiratory and circulatory system work together to? | supply body cells with oxygen and remove metabolic waste |
| another name for thoracic cage? | rib cage |
| what is included in the upper respiratory tract? | nose, pharynx, larynx |
| what is included in the lower respiratory tract? | trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs |
| what does cilia do? | causes coughing to aid in expectorating mucous |
| what forms the right and left bronchi? | the trachea |
| why are foreign substances seen more in the right bronchus? | because it is wider than the left to accommodate the right lung lobes which are also larger |
| each lung is encased in a double-layered sac called the _____ _____ | pleural membrane |
| the process involved in gaseous exchange is called _____ | ventilation |
| the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere into the alveoli is _____ | inspiration |
| the movement of waste gases from the alveoli into the atmosphere is _____ | expiration |
| ______ ______ occurs when an individual is unable to move an adequate amount of air into the lungs to meet the body's needs | respiratory distress |
| homeostasis | body in balance |
| diseases of the respiratory system | infectious diseases, obstructive disorders and tumors |
| it is caused by a reaction of the nasal mucosa to an environmental allergen | allergic rhinitis |
| allergic rhinitis is also called ____ | hay fever |
| inflammation of all or part of the lungs | pneumonia |
| pneumonia may be caused by? | bacteria, viruses or other pathogens |
| what is the most frequently seen organism that causes pneumonia? | staphlycocci and streptococci |
| approximately 1/3 of the world's population is infected with _____ | tuberculosis |
| _____ causes more deaths that any other infectious agent in the world | TB |
| ______ _______ is the bacterium that causes TB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| a patient with ____ is unable to ventilate the lungs freely, resulting in an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases, dypnea and productive cough | COPD |
| an _____ patient complains of a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, expiratory wheezing and chest tightness | asthmatic |
| ____ ____ ____ asses the ability of the patient to move air into and out of the lungs | peak flow meter |
| _____ _____ _____ occurs when the muscles in the posterior pharynx that support the soft palate, uvula, tonsils and tongue relax during sleep | obstructive sleep apnea |
| the epiglottis does what? | prevents food and water from entering the respiratory passages |
| the trachea does not collapse because it is? | composed of tough cartilaginous rings |
| what is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles? | increases the volume of the thoracic cavity |
| the phrenic nerve does what? | stimulates the diaphragm to contract |
| which transport mechanism causes the respiratory gases to move across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membrane? | diffusion |
| why does a stab wound to the chest cause the lung to collapse? | the intrapleural pressure increases |
| what does Boyle's law state? | when volume increases, pressure decreases |
| how is oxygen transported in the blood? | by hemoglobin |
| how is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | as bicarbonate |
| the medullary respiratory control center is? | sensitive to the depressant effects of opiods (narcotics) |
| an increase in blood ____ is most likely to increase the rate of breathing | CO2 |
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