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chapter 16 a&p
Chapter 16 vocab and definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Modality | Refers to the type of stimulus or sensation it produces. ex-vision, hearing, taste. |
| Location | Where the sensation is coming from on the body. |
| What is Receptor Potential? | The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory cell is a small local electrical charge. |
| Sensation | A subjective awareness of the stimulus. |
| The theory of sensory interpretation is called? | Labeled line code |
| Larger receptive fields have _____ sensation as compared to smaller receptive fields that have a _______ sensation. | Less; Greater |
| Sensory Projection | The ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation. |
| The pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS are called? | Projection Pathways. |
| Intensity | Refers to whether a sound is loud or soft, a light as bright or dim and pain as mild or terrible. |
| Duration | How long a stimulus lasts. |
| Sensory receptors transmit four kinds of information, they are? | Modality, Location, Intensity, and Duration. |
| Sensory Adaptation | When a stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time and you become less aware to the stimulus. |
| Phasic Receptors | Generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt and reduce or stop signaling even if stimulus occurs. |
| Tonic Receptors | Adapt more slowly and generate nerve signals more steadily. |
| Thermoreceptors | Responds to heat and cold. |
| Photoreceptors | The eyes, respond to light |
| Nociceptors | Pain receptors- they respond to tissue injury to prevent damages. |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemicals- odors, tastes, and body fluid composition. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to physical deformation of a cell or tissue caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch or tension. |
| Exteroceptors | Sense stimuli external to the body. |
| Interoceptors | detect stimuli in the internal organs like the stomach, intestine, and bladder-visceral pain and nausea. |
| Proprioceptors | sense the position and movements of the body or its parts. |
| General (Somesthetic) Senses | Employ receptors that are widely distributed in the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsules and viscera. |
| Special Senses | limited to the head and are innervated by the cranial nerves. |
| First order neurons | Fibers for touch, pressure and proprioception. |
| Second order neurons | Neurons the decussate and end in the contralateral thalamus |
| Third order neurons | Carry the signals to the cerebellum. |
| Fast Pain | Sharp, localized, stabbing pain perceived at the time of injury. |
| Slow Pain | Follows fast pain, longer-lasting, dull diffuse feeling. |
| Somatic Pain | Pain from the skin, muscles,and joints |
| Visceral Pain | Pain from the viscera. |
| Referred Pain | Convergence of neural pathways in the CNS and makes you feel pain somewhere else. |
| Endorphins and dynorphins are ______. | Analgesics |
| Spinal Gating | Mechanisms can block pain signals at the posterior horn. |
| Substance P creates ____? | Pain |
| Taste buds and hearing are _____? | Epithelium |
| Gustation | Taste |
| Lingual papillae | surface protrusions on the tongue, four kinds. |
| Filiform papillae | Rough protrusions (cat tongue) |
| Foliate Papillae | 2/3 of the way back form the tip..degenerate by 2-3 years. |
| Fungiform Papillae | have taste buds, shaped like mushrooms. Concentrated at sides and tip. |
| Vallate Papillae | have taste buds, V-shaped, there are 7-12 of them. |
| Tasted cells have... | taste hairs on them which are receptors for taste molecules. |
| Basal cells | are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died. |
| Supporting cells | resemble taste cells and have no taste hairs, synaptic vesicles or sensory role. |
| Five primary taste sensations are... | Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, and Umami(AA reaction, MSG) |
| The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) | Posterior 1/3 of the tongue. |
| The facial nerve (VII) | anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
| The vagus nerve (X) | from the taste buds of the palate, pharynx, and epiglottis. |
| Smell | Neuron |
| There are 10-20 million what? | Olfactory Cells, epithelial cells, and basal stem cells |
| Hydrophobic odorants are transported to the receptor by an ___________. | Odorant-binding protein. |
| Sound | Any audible vibration of molecules |
| Pitch | Our sense in whether a sound is high or low |
| Loudness | Perception of sound energy, intensity, or amplitude of vibration. |
| Outer ear | Funnels noise for conducting airborne vibrations to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). |
| The malleus | The most outward of the tiny ear bones |
| Incus | The middle bone in the ear |
| Stapes | The most inward bone of the ear. |
| Tympanic Reflex does what? | Muffles the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
| Cochlear nerve is in charge of what? | Hearing |
| Vestibular Nerve is in charge of what? | Balance |
| The auditory projection pathway has a _______ | 4th order neuron. |
| Static equilibrium | the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary. |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | the perception of motion or acceleration. |
| conjuctive | Transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball |
| The outer tunic | Consists of the sclera and cornea |
| The middle (vascular) tunic | consists of the ciliary body, iris, and choroid. |
| the inner tunic | consists of optic nerve and retina |
| Rods | Night vision- black and white |
| Cones | Color |
| Color vision is found on the ____ chromosome | X |
| Most common form of color vision is______? | Red- Green. |
| Optic Chiasm | The crossing of the optic nerves between the left and right eyes. |
Created by:
lsteenstra